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首页> 外文学位 >Genetic caste determination in dependent lineages of Pogonomyrmex barbatus and Pogonomyrmex rugosus.
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Genetic caste determination in dependent lineages of Pogonomyrmex barbatus and Pogonomyrmex rugosus.

机译：遗传等级的确定在Pogonomyrmex barbatus和Pogonomyrmex rugosus的依赖谱系中。

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A central trait of highly-social insects is reproductive division of labor in which the environment determines caste (queen or worker) of immature individuals. However, colonies from many populations of Pogonomyrmex exhibit genetic caste determination (GCD) generated by the interbreeding of two reproductively isolated yet interdependent lineages. GCD relies on obligate polyandry, as queens must mate with a same-lineage male to generate reproductive queens and an alternate-lineage male to generate workers. We label these dependent lineage (DL) systems, because both lineages must be sustained in the population to generate functional GCD colonies. Despite these constraints, a geographical survey revealed the GCD phenotype as widespread occurring in 20 of 46 sampled populations. Mapping the GCD phenotype onto a mtDNA phylogeny indicates that dependent lineages of P. rugosus were derived following the origin of GCD in P. barbatus . We speculate that the origin of GCD involved a nuclear mutation resulting in genetic conflict that first separated, then maintained allele (or gene set) combinations that confer differences in caste development.; DL systems seem to prosper despite the costs associated with GCD. Queens of GCD colonies produce fewer offspring, and fewer brood with advanced development, as compared to colonies with environmental caste determination. Assuming random mating and the expectation that females mate with three males on average, our results indicate that GCD queens acquiring a high proportion of same-lineage sperm have no fitness. In DL populations with highly skewed lineage frequencies, the costs associated with GCD are borne primarily by the common lineage, indicating that negative frequency dependent selection on colony founding acts to stabilize a DL system. By dissection and microscopy, we determined that queens do not mate within the nest prior to the mating flight. In line with predictions based on initial lineage frequencies, the sex ratio also differed significantly between lineages. When a lineage becomes very rare it produces progressively fewer colonies capable of gyne production suggesting that population sex ratios are an important factor in rare lineage recovery and may establish a deterministic set point from which the frequency of the rare lineage cannot recover.
机译：高度社交昆虫的一个主要特征是生殖分工，其中环境决定了未成熟个体的种姓（女王或工人）。但是，来自Pogonomyrmex众多种群的菌落表现出由两种繁殖分离但相互依存的血统杂交产生的种姓遗传测定（GCD）。 GCD依靠专职的一夫多妻制，因为皇后必须与同一个世系的雄性交配才能产生生殖皇后，而另一个世系的雄性则要产生工人。我们标记这些依赖的谱系（DL）系统，因为这两个谱系必须在种群中维持才能产生功能性GCD菌落。尽管有这些限制，一项地理调查显示GCD表型在46个抽样人群中有20个广泛分布。将GCD表型映射到mtDNA系统发育上表明，依赖于P. rugosus的谱系来源于G.起源于P. barbatus。我们推测，GCD的起源涉及核突变，导致遗传冲突，首先分离，然后维持等位基因（或基因组）组合，赋予种姓发育差异。尽管与GCD相关联，但DL系统似乎很繁荣。与具有环境种姓确定能力的殖民地相比，GCD殖民地的女王/王后产生的后代数量更少，育成的幼鸽也更少。假设随机交配并期望雌性与三雄平均交配，我们的结果表明，获得高比例同系精子的GCD皇后不适合。在谱系频率高度偏向的DL人群中，与GCD相关的成本主要由共同谱系承担，这表明依赖于菌落建立的负频率选择可以稳定DL系统。通过解剖和显微镜检查，我们确定了女王/王后在交配飞行之前没有在巢内交配。与基于初始谱系频率的预测相符，谱系之间的性别比也存在显着差异。当血统变得非常稀少时，它会逐渐减少能够生产妇科的菌落，这表明种群性别比是稀有血统恢复的重要因素，并且可以建立一个确定的设定点，从该设定点来看，稀有血统的频率无法恢复。

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