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A study of geographical characterization of ship traffic and emissions and cost-effectiveness of reducing sulfur emissions from foreign waterborne commerce for the United States west coast.

机译：对美国西海岸船舶运输和排放的地理特征以及减少外国水基贸易产生的硫排放的成本效益的研究。

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This dissertation enhances existing methods and develops the Waterway Network Ship Traffic and Air Emissions Model (WWN-STAEM) to improve the accuracy of spatially resolved emissions inventories. Global empirical ship traffic networks were built based on historical ship locations. Sulfur emissions from ship movements in the U.S. Foreign Commerce Entrances and Clearances data set were estimated and assigned spatially based on the statistically most probable routes solved with ArcGIS Network Analyst. Ships carrying U.S. foreign commerce burned about 38 million tons of heavy fuel oil, emitted about 2 million tons of SO2 in 2002, about 14% of SO2 emissions from all sources in the U.S. in the same year. About 88,000 tons of SO 2 were discharged in the area approximating the U.S. West Coast Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).; Cost-effectiveness of technology-based regulation, performance-based regulation, and market-based approach for controlling SO2 emissions were evaluated. The SOx Emissions Control Area Marine Emissions Optimization Model (SECA-MEOM) was developed to simulate the optimal SO2 emissions reduction from ships in SOx Emissions Control Areas (SECAs). The General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) was used to implement the optimization model.; Results show that the price premium of low sulfur fuel can drive the fleetwide average costs of SO2 reduction. For some individual ships, the capital costs are more critical. The performance-based regulation can reduce more SO2 with overall cost-savings up to {dollar}247 million in a year for the SECA fleet than the technology-based regulation. A market-based policy can achieve the overall SO2 reduction goal for SECAs with one out of 10 SECA ships scrubbing exhaust gas. Compared with the performance-based regulation, a market-based control policy could save up to {dollar}154 million or save about 59% of the total costs to reduce 38,700 tons of SO2 emissions in the U.S. West Coast EEZ SECA in a year. With more SO2 emissions reductions in the U.S. West Coast SECA and more reductions closer to the land, the market-based instruments can likely yield more benefits with lower overall costs than the command-and-control regulations and may be favored by both environmental interests and the shipping industry.
机译：本文对现有方法进行了改进，开发了航道网络船舶交通和空气排放模型（WWN-STAEM），以提高空间分辨排放清单的准确性。基于经验船的位置建立了全球经验船交通网络。根据ArcGIS Network Analyst解决的统计上最可能的路线，对美国外国商务进出关口数据集中船舶移动产生的硫排放量进行了估算和空间分配。 2002年，从事美国对外贸易的船舶燃烧了约3,800万吨重燃料油，排放了约200万吨二氧化硫，约占当年美国所有来源二氧化硫排放量的14％。在接近美国西海岸专属经济区（EEZ）的区域排放了约88,000吨的SO 2。评估了基于技术的法规，基于绩效的法规以及基于市场的方法来控制SO2排放的成本效益。开发了SOx排放控制区海洋排放优化模型（SECA-MEOM），以模拟SOx排放控制区（SECA）中船舶的最佳SO2减排量。通用代数建模系统（GAMS）用于实现优化模型。结果表明，低硫燃料的价格溢价可以推动全船平均减少SO2的成本。对于某些个体船，资本成本更为关键。与基于技术的法规相比，基于绩效的法规可以减少SE2船队的SO2排放量，每年可为SECA车队节省高达2.47亿美元的总成本。以市场为基础的政策可以实现SECA的总体SO2减排目标，每10艘SECA船舶中就有1艘洗涤废气。与基于绩效的法规相比，基于市场的控制政策每年最多可节省1.54亿美元，或节省总成本的约59％，以减少美国西海岸EEZ SECA的38,700吨SO2排放量。随着美国西海岸SECA的SO2排放量减少得更多，而靠近陆地的排放量又减少了，基于市场的手段可能会产生更多的好处，而总成本却比命令和控制法规要低，并且可能会受到环境利益和环境利益的青睐。航运业。

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