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首页> 外文学位 >Differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements of atmospheric ammonia in the mid-ultraviolet from a dairy: Concentrations, emissions, and modeling.
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Differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements of atmospheric ammonia in the mid-ultraviolet from a dairy: Concentrations, emissions, and modeling.

机译：乳制品中紫外线中的大气氨的差分光吸收光谱法（DOAS）测量：浓度，排放量和模型。

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摘要

Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) effects on the atmosphere, environment, and human health is not well understood due to a lack of information about ammonia's emissions, transport, and fate. Ammonia in the atmosphere reacts to form particulate matter below 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) which is regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The largest anthropogenic source of atmospheric NH3 is animal excreta and dairy cows are the largest per animal emission source.; The objectives of this work were to measure and model NH3 emissions from the Washington State University (WSU) dairy. Short-path differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) was used to measure NH3, and an area source tracer ratio technique was used to measure emission fluxes. Measurements were made from the housing area, waste lagoons, and fields undergoing sprinkler application. Emissions models were developed to understand the physical processes and transport of NH3. Housing emission fluxes for the summer averaged 8.1 +/- 5.2 mg cow-1 s-1 at 18° C average temperature. The housing model had an error of +/-30% when compared to measured concentrations. Lagoon emission fluxes ranged from 30 mug m-2 s-1 at an air temperature of 11°C to 150 mug m-2 s-1 at an air temperature of 27°C. The lagoon model had an error of +/-21%. An aeration experiment was conducted with commercial aerators and no changes in liquid or downwind NH3 concentrations were detected during aeration. Slurry application emissions from the sprinkler were 18% of the slurry ammonia-N concentration. The initial tracer flux from the field was 47 mug m-2 s -1 and this decreased to 17 mug m-2 s-1 during the experiment due to slurry infiltration into the soil.; A total dairy emission model was developed for use with air quality models using the WSU algorithms. The total annual emissions are estimated to be 130 kg NH3 cow-1 yr-1, with 40 kg from housing, 55 kg from waste lagoons, and 34 kg from waste application. Annual emissions are in excellent agreement with annual N mass balance of the dairy. This is significantly larger than the EPA estimates which are based upon European data.
机译：由于缺乏有关氨的排放，运输和结局的信息，人们对大气中的氨（NH3）对大气，环境和人类健康的影响知之甚少。大气中的氨反应形成空气动力学直径（PM2.5）小于2.5微米的颗粒物，该颗粒物由环境保护署（EPA）监管。大气中NH3的最大人为来源是动物排泄物，而奶牛是每个动物的最大排放源。这项工作的目的是测量和建模华盛顿州立大学（WSU）乳制品的NH3排放量。短程差分光吸收光谱法（DOAS）用于测量NH3，面积源示踪剂比率技术用于测量排放通量。从房屋面积，废物泻湖和正在喷水的田间进行测量。开发了排放模型以了解NH3的物理过程和传输。夏季的房屋排放通量在18°C平均温度下平均为8.1 +/- 5.2 mg奶牛1 s-1。与测得的浓度相比，外壳模型的误差为+/- 30％。泻湖排放通量的范围从在11°C的空气温度下的30马克杯m-2 s-1到在27°C的空气温度下的150马克杯m-2 s-1。泻湖模型的误差为+/- 21％。使用商用曝气机进行了曝气实验，在曝气过程中未检测到液态或顺风NH3浓度的变化。洒水喷头喷出的浆液量为浆液氨氮浓度的18％。最初的示踪剂通量为47马克杯m-2 s -1，由于泥浆渗入土壤，在实验过程中降至17马克杯m-2 s-1。使用WSU算法，开发了一个总乳制品排放模型，以与空气质量模型一起使用。估计每年的总排放量为130公斤NH3奶牛1 yr-1，其中40公斤来自房屋，55公斤来自废物泻湖，34公斤来自废物处理。年排放量与乳制品的年氮质量平衡非常吻合。这大大超过了EPA根据欧洲数据得出的估计。

著录项

  • 作者

    Rumburg, Brian Paul.;

  • 作者单位

    Washington State University.;

  • 授予单位 Washington State University.;
  • 学科 Engineering Agricultural.; Engineering Environmental.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2006
  • 页码 186 p.
  • 总页数 186
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 农业工程;环境污染及其防治;
  • 关键词

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