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Management strategies for improved production practices to maximize efficiency associated with livestock production

机译：改善生产方式的管理策略，以最大限度地提高与畜牧业生产有关的效率

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摘要

With the ever-increasing world population of over 7 billion and subsequent increase in urbanization, it is crucial for the livestock sector of agriculture to move in the direction of sustainability. Appropriate changes in production practices ensure adequate production with fewer resources to meet the needs of the consumer. Multiple improvements within various management categories are essential to increase animal efficiency and economic gain, improved utilization of natural resources and reduce resulting environmental impacts. The National Air Quality Site Assessment Tool (NAQSAT), originally launched in 2010, provides its users the ability to qualitatively assess how effectively producers are mitigating harmful air emissions in site-specific beef, dairy, swine, broiler chicken, laying hen and turkey production facilities. The air emissions deemed to be of the greatest concern were odor, particulate matter (PM), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methane (CH4) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Eight management categories are considered: animal housing, diet, manure handling, storage and application practices, mortality and road management. The tool enables users to run hypothetical scenarios to identify potential unintended consequences of management modification prior to making costly changes. The NAQSAT has since then been reviewed and updated by experts according to the most up-to-date knowledge and research to create version 2.0. The tool has expanded to include the horse species and air emission nitrous oxide (N2O). Following the implementation of the tool, users are directed to potentially applicable NRCS practices pertinent to their management goals within a given management category/emission of concern. Ideally this will guide users to reformed practices for continued sustainability in today's production environment.;In order to accommodate this movement towards sustainability, diet modifications to the typical feedlot diet have been explored; 126 corn fed cross-bred steer calves (initial BW 529.5kg +/- 10.7) were supplemented a rumen bypass fat during the last 60 days of the finishing period to evaluate its effects on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics and intramuscular fatty acid composition. Steers were blocked by initial, BW 9 head/pen (n = 7 pens / treatment), at the South Eastern Colorado Research Center (SECRC) in Lamar, CO. Pens were randomly assigned one of two treatment groups: 1) a control diet consisting of a regular corn based finishing ration (CON) and 2) rumen bypass fat treatment consisting of the control diet + Megalac-R/head/day (BF). Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Animals were fed twice daily at 110% of the previous daily ad libitum intake. Feed bunks were cleaned and orts were collected weekly. Dry matter content was analyzed and diet samples were collected weekly for proximate analysis. Individual live weights were recorded and blood samples were collected on d -54, -10, 27 and 60 and 61. Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics were assessed (table 2). Initial BW was included in statistical analysis as a covariate. Steers fed the CON diet had a greater level of performance for most of the parameters measured; the CON treatment had greater DMI (10.14kg vs. 8.77kg; P<0.02) and tended to have greater ADG (1.699kg vs. 1.469kg; P<0.09). Final BW was not significantly different between treatment groups (P<0.16). On d 62, steers were transported to a commercial slaughterhouse where carcass characteristics were assessed. Hot carcass weight was not significantly different between treatments (P< 0.19). Marbling score (P<0.04) and quality grade (P<0.02) were greater for steers fed the CON diet than those fed BF. The L. dorsi area tended to be greater (P<0.10) in steers fed CON (87.60cm2) than those fed BF (84.88cm2). Furthermore, laboratory analysis showed that UFA palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and oleic acid (C18:1 c9) had Trt x Time interactions in the blood serum (table 4). At d 60, C16:1 was significantly increased in the CON group whereas C18:1 was significantly increased in the BF treatment (Table 4). These data suggest that rumen bypass fat may be added to finishing diets without significant reduction in final body weight, although there may be modest reductions in marbling and quality scores. More research is needed to elucidate the potential mechanism for these reductions.
机译：随着世界上超过70亿的人口不断增加以及城市化程度的提高，农业畜牧业朝着可持续发展的方向发展至关重要。生产方法的适当改变可确保以较少的资源进行充足的生产，以满足消费者的需求。各种管理类别内的多项改进对于提高动物的效率和经济效益，改善自然资源的利用并减少对环境的影响至关重要。国家空气质量现场评估工具（NAQSAT）最初于2010年推出，向用户提供定性评估生产者如何有效缓解特定场所的牛肉，奶制品，猪，肉鸡，蛋鸡和火鸡生产中有害气体排放的能力。设备。被认为最受关注的空气排放是气味，颗粒物（PM），氨（NH3），硫化氢（H2S），甲烷（CH4）和挥发性有机化合物（VOC）。考虑了八个管理类别：动物住房，饮食，粪便处理，存储和使用方法，死亡率和道路管理。该工具使用户能够运行假设性场景，以在进行成本高昂的更改之前识别出管理更改的潜在意外后果。此后，专家根据最新知识和研究对NAQSAT进行了审查和更新，以创建2.0版。该工具已扩展到包括马匹和空气排放一氧化二氮（N2O）。实施该工具后，将指导用户使用与给定管理类别/关注排放中的管理目标有关的潜在适用的NRCS做法。理想情况下，这将指导用户进行改革，以在当今的生产环境中实现持续的可持续性。为了适应这种向可持续性发展的趋势，已经研究了对典型饲养场日粮的饮食改良；在肥育期的最后60天，向126头玉米饲喂的杂交牛犊（初始体重529.5kg +/- 10.7）添加了瘤胃旁路脂肪，以评估其对育肥场性能，car体特性和肌内脂肪酸组成的影响。在科罗拉多州拉马尔市的东南科罗拉多研究中心（SECRC），最初的BW 9头/钢笔（n = 7笔/处理）阻止了ers牛皮。将钢笔随机分配为两个处理组之一：1）对照饮食包括常规的玉米育肥日粮（CON）和2）瘤胃旁路脂肪治疗，其中包括对照饮食+ Megalac-R /头/天（BF）。日粮配制为等热量和等氮的。每天以先前自由采食量的110％喂养动物两次。清洁饲料铺，并每周收集饲料。分析干物质含量，每周收集饮食样本进行分析。记录个体活重，并在第-54，-10、27、60和61天收集血样。评估饲养场性能和car体特性（表2）。初始体重作为协变量纳入统计分析。在大多数所测参数中，饲喂CON饮食的牛皮的性能水平较高。 CON治疗的DMI值较高（10.14kg vs.8.77kg； P <0.02），ADG值较高（1.699kg vs. 1.469kg； P <0.09）。治疗组之间的最终体重没有显着差异（P <0.16）。在第62天，将ers牛运到商业屠宰场，在那里评估car体特性。处理之间的热car体重量无显着差异（P <0.19）。饲喂CON日粮的ste牛皮的大理石花纹评分（P <0.04）和品质等级（P <0.02）比饲喂BF的牛更高。饲喂CON（87.60cm2）的ste牛的背鳍面积倾向于大于饲喂BF（84.88cm2）的牛（P <0.10）。此外，实验室分析表明，UFA棕榈油酸（C16：1）和油酸（C18：1 c9）在血清中具有Trt x Time相互作用（表4）。在第60天，CON组的C16：1显着升高，而BF治疗组的C18：1显着升高（表4）。这些数据表明，瘤胃旁路脂肪可以添加到最终饮食中，而不会显着降低最终体重，尽管大理石花纹和质量得分可能会有所降低。需要更多的研究来阐明这些减少的潜在机制。

著录项

  • 作者

    Warner, Crystal M.;

  • 作者单位

    Colorado State University.;

  • 授予单位 Colorado State University.;
  • 学科 Animal sciences.
  • 学位 M.S.
  • 年度 2014
  • 页码 101 p.
  • 总页数 101
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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