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首页> 外文学位 >Gender differences in self-employment: The contribution of credit constraints and risk aversion to self-employment entry, duration, and earnings in Canada.
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Gender differences in self-employment: The contribution of credit constraints and risk aversion to self-employment entry, duration, and earnings in Canada.

机译：自营职业的性别差异：信贷限制和风险规避对加拿大自营职业的进入，持续时间和收入的贡献。

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摘要

The self-employment rate of Canadian women grew tremendously over 1982-1998. Nevertheless, significant gender differences remain in entry, duration, and earnings. Lin, Picot, and Compton (2000), controlling for observable characteristics, find that women are less likely to enter and more likely to exit self-employment than men. Kuhn and Schuetze (2001) note that decreasing exit rates account for most of the rise in female self-employment. Devine (1994a) finds the female-male ratio of self-employed earnings is 0.46 in 1990 in the United States. Hundley (2000) and Clain (2000) demonstrate that some of this earnings gap is due to household responsibility diversely affecting the sexes. Additional research by Coate and Tennyson (1992) and Evans and Jovanovic (1989), illustrates how differential credit constraints can impact self-employment. In particular, Evans and Jovanovic (1989) show that if credit constraints exist, self-employment outcomes will be positively correlated with wealth. They do not consider gender.;For women, wealth's effect is positive and three times larger than for men. I calculate that if everyone had high investment income the gap in entry rates would fall by fourteen percent. Moreover, a woman with high investment income has a 24 percent greater probability of survival. The impact on men is negative. Conversely, investment income positively affects male earnings but negatively affects those of women. Whether these results debunk gender differentiated liquidity constraints or not, wealth remains an important factor in self-employment disparity. Likewise, children positively impact women's entry, but each added child decreases the survival and earnings capacity of the female entrepreneur. The same is not true for men. These results are consistent with women using self-employment to accommodate household production.;I use Canada's Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics for 1993-1998 to investigate whether gender differences in self-employment are driven by wealth. Although I focus on wealth, I also consider household responsibility as a source of divergence in labour market behaviour. Using regular and random effects probits, proportional hazards models, and selection corrected earnings regressions, I find that wealth plays a dramatically different role for women than for men.
机译：在1982年至1998年期间，加拿大妇女的自雇率大大提高。但是，录入，录取时间和收入方面仍然存在明显的性别差异。 Lin，Picot和Compton（2000）控制了可观察的特征，发现与男性相比，女性进入自营职业的可能性较小，并且更有可能退出自营职业。 Kuhn and Schuetze（2001）指出，退出率的下降是女性自谋职业增加的主要原因。 Devine（1994a）发现，美国自雇收入的男女比例为1990年的0.46。 Hundley（2000）和Clain（2000）证明，部分收入差距是由于家庭责任对性别的影响不同。 Coate和Tennyson（1992）以及Evans和Jovanovic（1989）的其他研究表明，差异性信贷约束如何影响自雇。 Evans和Jovanovic（1989）特别指出，如果存在信贷约束，那么自营职业的结果将与财富成正相关。他们不考虑性别。对于女性，财富的影响是积极的，是男性的三倍。我计算出，如果每个人都拥有高投资收益，那么进入率的差距将下降百分之十四。此外，具有高投资收入的女性的生存可能性要高24％。对男人的影响是负面的。相反，投资收入对男性收入有正面影响，但对女性收入则有负面影响。无论这些结果是否揭露了性别差异化流动性的限制，财富仍然是自营职业差距的重要因素。同样，子女对妇女的进入有积极影响，但每个增加的子女都会降低女企业家的生存能力和赚钱能力。对于男人来说并非如此。这些结果与妇女使用个体经营来满足家庭生产的需求是一致的。我使用加拿大1993-1998年的劳动力和收入动态调查来调查个体经营中的性别差异是否由财富驱动。尽管我关注财富，但我也认为家庭责任是劳动力市场行为差异的根源。通过使用常规和随机效应概率，比例风险模型以及选择校正的收益回归，我发现财富与男性相比起着截然不同的作用。

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  • 作者

    Rybczynski, Kathleen Kenny.;

  • 作者单位

    Queen's University (Canada).;

  • 授予单位 Queen's University (Canada).;
  • 学科 Economics Labor.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2006
  • 页码 201 p.
  • 总页数 201
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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