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首页> 外文学位 >Response of avian, arthropod, and vegetation communities to mid-contract management in conservation reserve program tall fescue monocultures .
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Response of avian, arthropod, and vegetation communities to mid-contract management in conservation reserve program tall fescue monocultures .

机译：鸟类，节肢动物和植被群落对保护区计划高羊茅单一栽培中合同中期管理的反应。

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摘要

Northern bobwhite (hereafter, bobwhite; Colinus virginianus) have experienced long-term declines in population abundance throughout most of their breeding range. In 2004, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) authorized mid-contract management (MCM) to restore early successional plant communities in aging Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields. I evaluated the effects of 3 MCM regimes, including fall strip disking, fall herbicide spraying (hereafter, spray), and fall herbicide spraying in combination with spring legume interseeding (hereafter, spray-seed) on nearly 650 ha of tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix [Scop]. Holub; nomenclature follows USDA plants database; see USDA 2010b) CRP in south-central Illinois, USA, during 2005-2008. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the compositional and structural responses of the vegetation community to MCM, (2) determine the structural vegetation and landscape composition variables that influenced adult bobwhite relative densities and brood presence in CRP, and (3) assess foraging rates and arthropod prey selection of bobwhite chicks relative to MCM.;Spray and spray-seed treatments were more effective than disking at reducing tall fescue cover, increasing plant species diversity, and enhancing the structural characteristics of the plant community that are essential for nesting and brood-rearing bobwhite. Spray-seed and disked treatments increased the percentage of bare ground by burying the dead and dying vegetative biomass beneath the soil surface. However, spraying alone left large amounts of litter accumulation on the soil surface that resulted in a delay in the timing of some annual forbs to recolonize. Plant species composition in sprayed and spray-seeded fields changed from a dense, monoculture of tall fescue to a diverse assemblage of perennial grasses, annual forbs, and legumes that provided habitat for nesting and brood-rearing bobwhite.;Adult bobwhite and broods responded positively to spray and spray-seed treatments in this study. Adult relative densities (i.e., number of adult bobwhite observed/ha) were higher in sprayed and spray-seeded fields than in disked and controls. The probability of higher relative densities was greater in fields with higher plant species diversity, and percentages of bare ground and legumes. Conversely, relative densities were negatively associated with higher percentages of grass cover. At the landscape scale, relative densities were positively correlated higher percentages of cropland and pastureland within a 250 m buffer of CRP fields. Sprayed and spray-seeded fields were 39.6% more likely to have broods present than control fields. Whereas disked fields were only 10.0% more likely to have broods than controls. Brood presence was positively correlated with higher percentages of bare ground and negatively correlated with higher percentages of grass cover.;Human-imprinted bobwhite chicks consumed a higher abundance and biomass of arthropods in sprayed and spray-seeded fields than in disked and controls, although the abundance of arthropods available was generally highest in control and disked fields. This suggests, therefore, that bobwhite chicks foraging rates are not limited by arthropod availability, but rather, by the structure of the vegetative community and the ability of the chicks to access the food resources. Chicks consumed a higher proportion of hymenopterans, isopods, and lepidopterans than expected from nonrandom feeding indicating that they were actively selecting for particular prey. This research has added to the understanding of restoring bobwhite habitat to tall fescue CRP, and could assist USDA-Natural Resource Conservation Service personnel and other land managers in restoring and maintaining marginally diverse grassland ecosystems in CRP fields for nesting and brood-rearing bobwhite.
机译：在整个繁殖周期的大部分时间里，北方鲍勃怀特犬（以下称鲍勃怀特； Colinus virginianus）都经历了种群数量的长期下降。 2004年，美国农业部（USDA）授权进行合同中管理（MCM），以恢复老化的自然保护区计划（CRP）领域中的早期演替植物群落。我评估了3种MCM方案的效果，包括秋季剥脱法，秋季除草剂喷雾（以下称喷雾）和秋季除草剂喷雾与春季豆科植物的播种（以下称喷雾种子）结合对近650公顷的高羊茅（Schedonorus phoenix）的影响[Scop] Holub；术语遵循USDA植物数据库；请参见USDA 2010b）2005-2008年间在美国伊利诺伊州中南部的CRP。这项研究的目的是：（1）评估植被群落对MCM的组成和结构响应；（2）确定影响成年立白white相对密度和CRP亲代存在的结构植被和景观组成变量，以及（3） ）相对于MCM评估鲍勃白雏鸡的觅食率和节肢动物的猎物选择;喷洒和喷撒种子处理比盘养在减少高羊茅草覆盖，增加植物物种多样性和增强植物群落结构特征方面更为有效用于筑巢和育雏bobwhite。通过将死掉的和垂死的植物生物量掩埋在土壤表面下，喷雾种子和盘状处理增加了裸露土地的比例。但是，单独喷洒会在土壤表面留下大量的凋落物，导致某些年度禁果重新定殖的时间延迟。喷播和播种田地的植物物种组成从密集的高羊茅单一栽培变为多年生草，一年生前茅和豆科植物的多样化组合，为筑巢和育雏鲍勃提供了栖息地。在这项研究中进行喷雾和喷雾种子处理。在喷洒和喷雾播种的田地中，成虫的相对密度（即观察到的/成年bobwhite的数量/公顷）高于盘状和对照。在植物物种多样性较高，裸地和豆科植物百分比较高的田地中，较高相对密度的可能性更大。相反，相对密度与较高的草皮百分比负相关。在景观尺度上，相对密度与CRP田地250 m缓冲区内较高的耕地和牧场百分比成正比。与对照田相比，在喷雾和喷雾播种田中，育雏的可能性高出39.6％。而磁盘田间育雏的可能性仅比对照组高10.0％。亲本的存在与裸露的百分比较高呈正相关，而与草覆盖的较高百分比呈负相关。;与印迹和对照相比，在喷洒和喷播的田地中，人类留下的鲍勃怀特雏鸡消耗节肢动物的丰度和生物量更高，尽管在控制领域和盘状领域中，节肢动物的可用数量通常最高。因此，这表明，短白雏鸡的觅食率不受节肢动物可用性的限制，而是受营养群落的结构和雏鸡获取食物资源的能力的限制。小鸡消耗的膜翅目，等足动物和鳞翅目昆虫的比例高于非随机喂养的预期，表明它们正在积极地选择特定的猎物。这项研究使人们对在高羊茅的CRP上恢复短吻鳄的栖息地有了进一步的了解，并且可以帮助USDA-自然资源保护局人员和其他土地管理人员在CRP田地中恢复和维持边缘多样的草地生态系统，以筑巢和育雏。

著录项

  • 作者

    Osborne, Douglas C.;

  • 作者单位

    Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.;

  • 授予单位 Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.;
  • 学科 Agriculture Wildlife Conservation.;Agriculture Wildlife Management.;Biology Zoology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2010
  • 页码 163 p.
  • 总页数 163
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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