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Ecological responses to threats in an evolutionary context: Bacterial responses to antibiotics and butterfly species' responses to climate change.

机译：在进化背景下对威胁的生态响应：细菌对抗生素的响应以及蝴蝶物种对气候变化的响应。

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Humans are generally having a strong, widespread, and negative impact on nature. Given the many ways we are impacting nature and the many ways nature is responding, it is useful to study responses in an integrative context. My thesis is focused largely (two out of the three data chapters) on butterfly species' range shifts consistent with modern climate change in Canada. I employed a macroecological approach to my research, drawing on methods and findings from evolutionary biology, phylogenetics, conservation biology, and natural history. I answered three main research questions. First, is there a trade-off between population growth rate (rmax) and carrying capacity (K) at the mutation scale (Chapter 2)? I found rmax and K to not trade off, but in fact to positively co-vary at the mutation scale. This suggests trade-offs between these traits only emerge after selection removes mutants with low resource acquisition rates (i.e., unhealthy genotypes), revealing trade-offs between remaining genotypes with varied resource allocation strategies. Second, did butterfly species shift their northern range boundaries northward over the 1900s, consistent with climate warming (Chapter 3)? Leading a team of collaborators, we found that most butterfly species' northern range boundaries did indeed shift northward over the 1900s. But range shift rates were slower than those documented in the literature for more recent time periods, likely reflecting the weaker warming experienced in the time period of my study. Third, were species' rates of range shift related to their phylogeny (Chapter 3) or traits (Chapter 4)? I found no compelling relationships between rates of range shift and phylogeny or traits. If certain traits make some species more successful at northern boundary range expansion than others, their effect was not strong enough to emerge from the background noise inherent in the broad scale data set I used.
机译：人类通常对自然产生强大，广泛而消极的影响。考虑到我们影响自然的多种方式以及自然做出的多种反应，在综合的背景下研究反应非常有用。我的论文主要针对（三个数据章节中的两个）蝴蝶物种的范围变化与加拿大现代气候变化相一致。我在研究中采用了宏观生态学方法，并借鉴了进化生物学，系统发育学，保护生物学和自然历史学的方法和发现。我回答了三个主要的研究问题。首先，在突变规模（第2章）上，人口增长率（rmax）和承载力（K）之间是否需要权衡？我发现rmax和K不会折衷，但实际上在突变规模上呈正相关。这表明只有在选择去除资源获取率低的突变体（即不健康的基因型）后，才出现这些性状之间的权衡，这揭示了具有不同资源分配策略的其余基因型之间的权衡。其次，与气候变暖相吻合的是，蝴蝶物种在1900年代是否将其北部范围边界向北移动（第3章）？在一个合作者小组的领导下，我们发现大多数蝴蝶物种的北部范围边界确实在1900年代确实向北偏移。但是在最近的一段时间内，范围变化率比文献中记载的要慢，这可能反映了我研究期间变暖的趋势较弱。第三，物种的范围变化率是否与其系统发育（第3章）或性状（第4章）相关？我发现距离变化率与系统发育或性状之间没有令人信服的关系。如果某些特征使某些物种在北部边界范围扩展方面比其他物种更成功，则它们的作用不足以从我使用的大规模数据集固有的背景噪声中显现出来。

著录项

  • 作者

    Fitzsimmons, James.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Ottawa (Canada).;

  • 授予单位 University of Ottawa (Canada).;
  • 学科 Biology Ecology.;Biology Microbiology.;Climate Change.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2013
  • 页码 116 p.
  • 总页数 116
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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