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首页> 外文学位 >Urbanization in the Levant: An archaeometric approach to understanding the social and economic impact of settlement nucleation in the Biqamacr-c valley.
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Urbanization in the Levant: An archaeometric approach to understanding the social and economic impact of settlement nucleation in the Biqamacr-c valley.

机译：黎凡特的城市化：一种考古学方法，用以了解Biqamacr-c山谷定居点成核对社会和经济的影响。

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摘要

The transition from mobile hunting and gathering societies to settled agricultural and urban societies first took place in the ancient Near East. This transition is a pivotal phase in a process that has ultimately led to the proliferation of urbanized spaces and societies worldwide. Much like modern populations, early peoples had to adapt socially and technologically to face the challenges posed by natural and anthropogenic changes to their environment including climate change, environmental degradation, population growth, and resource scarcity. The investigation of an increasingly urbanized and altered landscape provides important insights into human social, economic, and technological adaptation in response to such challenges.;The Early Bronze Age in the Levant marks the transition from the diffuse and principally agrarian settlements that had been characteristic of the region during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods, to the first large and nucleated settlements. For nearly a century, scholars have fiercely debated the process by which this transition occurred and its effect on the ancient societies of the Levant. The product of these debates has typically been the development of generalized theoretical frameworks representing a simplification of what was surely a complex and varied process. Likewise, the economic and social changes that occurred as a result of 'urbanization', or more properly termed for this period, settlement nucleation, are traditionally understood through generalizations and normative models.;This dissertation aims to utilize a new methodological approach, which combines the typological and archaeometric analysis of Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and Early Bronze Age ceramics with data from a regional survey conducted in the Biqāc (also Bekka and Biqaa) Valley in Lebanon, to better understand the social, economic, and environmental changes that led to and accompanied early urbanization. An archaeometric approach, in combination with a landscapes approach, allows for a better understanding of the changes in the production and distribution of ceramics that accompanied the shift to a more urbanized society. Archaeometric techniques will identify and quantify the geological components of the clays used to manufacture the ceramic samples to determine their provenience. The changes in the number and location of discrete geological sources used in making the ceramics found at different sites will signify shifts in both the degree of centralization of production and the geographical foci of production. Identifying the discreet geological clay sources used in production will also inform on changes in patterns of distribution by confirming the presence of ceramics in one area that were produced in another. Identifying the patterns of distribution will provide a better understanding of the level of economic integration between sites and site clusters in and around the survey area and how this integration changes in the different periods under consideration.;Significant changes in the economy would surely have been echoed socially, and a better understanding of these economic changes will yield important insights into socio-cultural transformations during the first 'urban' period in the Levant.
机译：从流动狩猎和采集社会向定居的农业和城市社会的转变首先发生在古老的近东地区。这一转变是这一过程的关键阶段，最终导致了世界范围内城市化空间和社会的扩散。就像现代人口一样，早期民族必须适应社会和技术，以应对自然和人为改变对其环境构成的挑战，包括气候变化，环境退化，人口增长和资源稀缺。对日益城市化和变化的景观的研究为应对这些挑战提供了对人类社会，经济和技术适应的重要见识。黎凡特的早期青铜时代标志着从分散的，主要是农业定居点的过渡，这是该地区的特征。该地区在新石器时代和中石器时代，一直到第一个大型的有核定居点。近一个世纪以来，学者们一直在激烈地争论着这种转变发生的过程及其对黎凡特古代社会的影响。这些辩论的结果通常是普遍化理论框架的发展，这些理论框架简化了必定复杂而多样的过程。同样，传统上通过概括和规范化模型来理解“城市化”所带来的经济和社会变化，或更恰当地称其为居留核，这是本论文旨在利用一种新的方法论方法，将利用在黎巴嫩的Biq＆amacr; c（也包括Bekka和Biqaa）山谷进行的区域调查获得的数据，对新石器时代，黄铜器时代和青铜时代早期的陶瓷进行了类型学和考古学分析，以更好地理解导致这种变化的社会，经济和环境变化并伴随着早期的城市化。考古学方法与景观方法相结合，可以更好地了解伴随着向更加城市化社会的转变而产生的陶瓷生产和分布的变化。考古技术将识别和量化用于制造陶瓷样品的粘土的地质成分，以确定其来源。在不同地点生产陶瓷所用的离散地质源的数量和位置的变化，将标志着生产集中度和生产地域的变化。确定生产中所用的隐秘地质粘土来源还将通过确认一个地区存在陶瓷而另一个地区生产陶瓷来告知分布模式的变化。确定分布方式将更好地了解调查区域内和周围站点与站点集群之间的经济整合水平，以及在所考虑的不同时期内这种整合如何发生变化。经济的重大变化肯定会得到回应在社会上，对这些经济变化的更好理解将在黎凡特的第一个“城市”时期产生对社会文化转变的重要见解。

著录项

  • 作者

    Badreshany, Kamal Patrick.;

  • 作者单位

    The University of Chicago.;

  • 授予单位 The University of Chicago.;
  • 学科 Anthropology Archaeology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2013
  • 页码 688 p.
  • 总页数 688
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 宗教;
  • 关键词

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