Genes important for insect low temperature survival.

机译：对昆虫低温存活至关重要的基因。

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It has been said that insects are the most successful animals on the earth, if taking into consideration either the numbers of species or individuals. The molecular mechanisms of their remarkable ability to adapt and survive stress, including low temperatures, are not yet clear. This thesis investigates low temperature adaption in the cold-susceptible fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), the cold-tolerant yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), and the spruce budworm moth (Choristoneura fumiferana ).; A brief exposure of D. melanogaster to low temperatures (cold hardening treatment, e.g. 0°C for 2 h), can protect certain insects against subsequent exposure to temperatures sufficiently low to cause damage or lethality. Microarray analysis to examine the changes in transcript abundance associated with this cold hardening identified 36 genes and the change in a subset of these was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. This study shows that stress proteins, including Hsp23, Hsp26, Hsp83 and Frost, as well as membrane-associated proteins, may contribute to the cold hardening response in flies.; In contrast to cold-susceptible Drosophila, cold-tolerant Choristoneura and Tenebrio synthesize hyperactive antifreeze proteins (AFPs) with the functions of thermal hysteresis and ice crystal growth inhibition. Two C. fumiferana genomic clones (CfAFP2.26 and 2.7) were completely sequenced, their core promoters were identified (87 by containing a TATA box for CfAFP2.26 and 76 by with CAAT and TATA boxes for CfAFP2.7), and should encode 9 kDa or 12 kDa AFPs. AFP transcripts were most abundant in the 2nd instar, overwintering stage where they were expressed in all tissues. Some isoforms were detected at other larval stages. A "summer" stage cDNA with substitutions at two Cys-encoding triplets showed no AFP activity, indicating that some isoforms may have other functions.; In Tenebrio, 11 AFP genomic clones were obtained by library screening and PCR. Promoter identification of one of these genomic clones, B1037, demonstrated the core promoter (143 by with a TATA box). Although the beetle AFP genes do not have introns, an exotic intron engineered into an expression plasmid increased promoter activity 4.4-fold.; This study underscores the different strategies used by cold-susceptible and cold-tolerant insects to survive low temperatures. Even amongst two cold-tolerant, freeze-susceptible insects with functionally similar proteins, the regulation of the sequences encoding these products are different.

机译：有人说，如果考虑物种或个体的数量，昆虫是地球上最成功的动物。它们具有出色的适应能力和抵抗压力（包括低温）的分子机制尚不清楚。本文研究了低温易感果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster），耐寒黄粉虫（Tenebrio molitor）和云杉ru虫（Choristoneura fumiferana）的低温适应性。 D. melanogaster短暂暴露于低温下（冷硬化处理，例如0°C持续2 h），可以保护某些昆虫免于随后暴露于足够低的温度下而造成损害或致死性。微阵列分析以检查与此冷硬化相关的转录本丰度变化，鉴定出36个基因，并通过定量RT-PCR确认了其中一部分的变化。这项研究表明，应激蛋白，包括Hsp23，Hsp26，Hsp83和Frost，以及与膜相关的蛋白，可能有助于果蝇的冷硬化反应。与易感冷的果蝇相反，耐寒的Choristoneura和黄粉虫合成了具有热滞后作用和冰晶生长抑制作用的高活性抗冻蛋白（AFP）。对两个烟曲霉基因组克隆（CfAFP2.26和2.7）进行了完整测序，鉴定了它们的核心启动子（87个包含CfAFP2.26的TATA框，76个包含CAAT和CfAFP2.7的TATA框），并应进行编码9 kDa或12 kDa AFP。 AFP转录本在第二龄期（越冬期）最丰富，在所有组织中都有表达。在其他幼虫阶段检测到一些同工型。在两个编码Cys的三联体处被替换的“夏季”阶段cDNA没有显示AFP活性，表明某些同工型可能具有其他功能。在黄粉虫中，通过文库筛选和PCR获得了11个AFP基因组克隆。这些基因组克隆之一B1037的启动子鉴定显示了核心启动子（用TATA盒标记为143）。尽管甲虫AFP基因没有内含子，但是改造成表达质粒的外来内含子使启动子活性提高了4.4倍。这项研究强调了对寒冷易感和耐寒的昆虫在低温下生存所采用的不同策略。即使在功能相似的蛋白质的两种耐寒，易受冻害的昆虫中，编码这些产物的序列的调控也是不同的。

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作者
Qin, Wensheng.;
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作者单位

Queen's University at Kingston (Canada).;

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授予单位 Queen's University at Kingston (Canada).;
学科 Biology Molecular.; Biology Entomology.
学位 Ph.D.
年度 2005
页码 158 p.
总页数 158
原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
中图分类分子遗传学;昆虫学;
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机译：昆虫低温胁迫反应的分子生理学。
6. Arabidopsis requires polyunsaturated lipids for low-temperature survival. [O] . M Miquel, D James Jr, H Dooner, 1993

机译：拟南芥需要多不饱和脂质才能实现低温生存。
7. Endothermy of dynastine scarab beetles (Cyclocephala colasi) associated with pollination biology of a thermogenic arum lily (Philodendron solimoesense) : Cyclocephala colasi beetles are facultative endotherms that spend most of their adult lives inside the inflorescences of Philodendron solimoesense, where ambient temperature (Ta) averages about 28°C due to floral thermogenesis. Measurements of respiration within a range of Ta showed that active beetles became spontaneously endothermic at Ta below 28°C but were rarely endothermic above it. There was no evidence of endothermy within the inflorescences, indicating that activities in the floral chamber can occur without the high energy expense of endothermy. Bouts of endothermy occurred at lower Ta in respirometer chambers mainly in the evening, when the insects normally fly from one inflorescence to another, and during the night, when they normally eat and mate within the inflorescence. Patterns of endothermy in individual episodes were studied in non-flying beetles with respirometry and infrared thermal imaging. Heat was generated in the thorax by oscillatory waves of respiration that were coupled with thoracic temperature (Tth) increases. Stationary beetles could regulate Tth at about 33°C independently of Ta between 16 and 29°C. At Ta20°C, this represents a 116-fold increase in metabolic rate over resting, ectothermic values. Endothermy was clearly a requirement for flight, and beetles departing inflorescences warmed to about 30°C before take-off. During flight, Tth was dependent on Ta, decreasing from 37 to 28°C at Ta of 37 to 20°C, respectively. The lowest Ta at which flight could occur was about 20°C. Thermal conductance of stationary, endothermic beetles increased at higher metabolic rates, probably because of increased ventilatory heat loss. [O] . Seymour, R.S., White, C.R., Gibernau, Marc 2009

机译：与产热香芋百合（Philodendron solimoesense）授粉生物学相关的动态圣甲虫（Cyclocephala colasi）吸热：Cyclocephala colasi甲虫是兼性吸热体，它们大部分成年生活都在Philodendron solimoesense的花序中，其平均温度（Ta）由于花的生热作用，温度约为28°C。在Ta范围内的呼吸测量表明，活跃的甲虫在Ta低于28°C时会自发吸热，而在Ta高于28°C时很少吸热。在花序中没有吸热的迹象，表明花室中的活动可以在没有高的吸热能量消耗的情况下发生。吸热的爆发主要发生在晚上，当昆虫通常从一个花序飞到另一个花序时，以及在晚上，它们通常在花序中进食并交配时，在呼吸计室的较低Ta处发生。在非飞行甲虫中通过呼吸测定法和红外热成像研究了单个发作中的吸热模式。伴随着胸温（Tth）升高的呼吸振荡波在胸腔中产生热量。固定甲虫可以在约33°C的温度下调节Tth，而与Ta在16至29°C之间的温度无关。在Ta20°C下，这表示其代谢速率比静止的，等温的升高116倍。吸热显然是飞行的要求，离开花序的甲虫在起飞前会升温到约30°C。在飞行过程中，Tth取决于Ta，在Ta从37降至20°C时，Tth分别从37°C降至28°C。可能发生飞行的最低Ta约为20°C。固定的，吸热的甲虫的热导率以较高的代谢率增加，这可能是由于通风热损失增加所致。

Genes important for insect low temperature survival.

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