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首页> 外文学位 >Conservation Buffers and Ecological Weed Management in Southeast Organic Cropping Systems: Weed Seedbanks and Weed Seed Predators.
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Conservation Buffers and Ecological Weed Management in Southeast Organic Cropping Systems: Weed Seedbanks and Weed Seed Predators.

机译：东南有机作物系统中的保护缓冲液和生态杂草管理：杂草种子库和杂草种子捕食者。

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摘要

Conservation buffers, areas of non-crop vegetation integrated into agricultural landscapes, enhance many agroecosystem services. Among other benefits, these buffers provide habitat for wildlife and beneficial organisms such as pollinators and pest enemies. However, non-crop vegetation in agricultural settings can also be a source for crop pests. One buffer strategy, fallowing strips of land adjacent to crop fields, provides critical habitat for threatened wildlife species, but fallow strips may increase in-field weeds by creating a reservoir of weed seeds that spreads into the adjacent crop. Fallow buffers also offer few resources for beneficial organisms that provide important pest management services. It has been suggested that conservation buffer practitioners move away from fallowing towards plantings of native forbs and grasses. Planted buffers provide more resources for beneficial organisms while maintaining good habitat conditions for wildlife. It is not clear, however, how these planted buffers augment or diminish weed dynamics in the agricultural landscape.;Ecological weed management, an integration of many indirect weed management strategies, can be of critical importance to organic growers who are restricted from using conventional weed management tools. The first two studies of this dissertation examined multiple field edge strategies to determine if they have an impact on ecological weed management in organic cropping systems. The first study investigated how the bank of weed seeds in the soil (the 'weed seedbank') changed over time in relation to field buffer management, distance away from the field edge, and crop type. Results showed how planted buffers, especially those with native warm season grasses, can reduce the number of weed seeds that enter the seedbank.;The second study examines how ground dwelling, seed eating organisms ('weed seed predators') to the different field buffer management schemes. The results from this study showed that field buffers had little to no influence on weed seed predators or on the seed predation services they provide. However, crop type did heavily influence these organisms as well as seed removal. Fields with crops that provide dense cover, such as hay, experienced more weed seed predation than fields that were more open and had less vegetative cover, such as harvested maize fields. The results from this weed seed predation experiment, however, may reflect conditions that are specific to our system and to the southeastern United States.;One important aspect of the Southeast in relation to weed seed predators is the recent introduction of the invasive red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Although this ant is now present in high numbers inside southeastern U.S. agricultural fields, it is not clear if they are contributing to weed seed predation services. The third study of this dissertation used video monitoring in an agricultural field to collect direct evidence of Solenopsis invicta and their impact on summer annual weeds. The video data suggest that this ant is not contributing to weed seed predation services. It is not clear from the video data, however, what impact these invasive ants have on native weed seed predators.
机译：保护性缓冲区，非农作物植被区域已整合到农业景观中，增强了许多农业生态系统服务。除其他好处外，这些缓冲液还为野生生物和有益生物（如传粉媒介和害虫敌手）提供了栖息地。但是，农业环境中的非作物植被也可能是农作物害虫的来源。一种缓冲策略是在耕地附近休耕地带，为濒临灭绝的野生动植物提供了重要的栖息地，但是休耕地带可能会通过创建杂草种子库传播到附近的作物而增加田间杂草。休闲缓冲液也很少为提供重要害虫管理服务的有益生物提供资源。已经提出，保护缓冲区的实践者从休耕转向种植天然的前茅和草。种植的缓冲液为有益生物提供了更多资源，同时保持了野生动植物的良好栖息地条件。但是，尚不清楚这些种植的缓冲剂如何增加或减少农业景观中的杂草动态。；生态杂草管理，许多间接杂草管理策略的结合，对于有机种种植者至关重要，因为有机种植者不能使用常规杂草管理工具。本文的前两个研究考察了多种田间边缘策略，以确定它们是否对有机作物系统中的生态杂草管理产生影响。第一项研究调查了土壤杂草种子库（“杂草种子库”）如何随时间变化，与田间缓冲区管理，距田间边缘的距离和作物类型有关。结果表明，种植的缓冲液，尤其是那些带有天然暖季草的缓冲液，如何减少进入种子库的杂草种子的数量;第二项研究研究了如何将地面居住，食用种子的生物（``杂草种子掠食者''）转移到不同的田间缓冲液中管理计划。这项研究的结果表明，田间缓冲液对杂草种子捕食者或它们提供的种子捕食服务几乎没有影响。但是，农作物类型确实严重影响了这些生物以及种子的去除。与开阔且植物覆盖率较低的田地（例如收获的玉米田）相比，干草等覆盖率高的农作物田的杂草种子捕食能力更高。但是，该杂草种子捕食实验的结果可能反映了特定于我们系统和美国东南部的条件。东南地区与杂草种子捕食者有关的一个重要方面是最近引入了入侵红色火苗蚂蚁，Solenopsis invicta。尽管这种蚂蚁现在在美国东南部农业领域中大量存在，但尚不清楚它们是否有助于杂草种子捕食服务。本论文的第三项研究是在农业领域中使用视频监控，以收集昆虫无茄菌及其对夏季一年生杂草的影响的直接证据。视频数据表明，这种蚂蚁对杂草种子捕食服务没有帮助。但是，从视频数据尚不清楚，这些侵入性蚂蚁对天然杂草种子捕食者有什么影响。

著录项

  • 作者

    Fox, Aaron Freeman.;

  • 作者单位

    North Carolina State University.;

  • 授予单位 North Carolina State University.;
  • 学科 Agriculture Range Management.;Biology Entomology.;Biology Ecology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2013
  • 页码 77 p.
  • 总页数 77
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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