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Landscape, hydrological and social factors affecting water quantity and quality in urban headwater streams of central Iowa.

机译：影响爱荷华州中部城市上游水源水量和水质的景观，水文和社会因素。

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摘要

Urban landscapes are complex and dynamic systems, and in areas of strong human population growth urban areas are undergoing rapid expansion. Increases in impervious surface area (e.g. roads, buildings, and parking lots) are typically associated with urban expansion, and usually represent irreversible change on the landscape. These impervious surface areas provide services to urban residents, but also have environmental consequences, including alteration of urban stream hydrology and stream water quality. This dissertation documents research conducted to quantify urban expansion, and to explore the complex relationships among terrestrial landscape features, urban stream hydrology, social system factors, and water quantity and quality variables in 20 urban stream watersheds located in five central Iowa cities. First, urban land cover change was quantified for four cities using planimetric data applied to aerial photo images from 1940 to 2011. Impervious surfaces accounted for about 1.5% of the area in four study cities in 1940, and increased to 16.8% in 2011, a 1,020 % increase. Much of the expansion of impervious surface was contributed by buildings and parking lots. High, medium, and low percent impervious surface zones were dominated by parking lots, buildings, and roads, respectively. Second, both climate change and land cover change were predicted and simulations were performed using the Storm Water Management Model to determine their potential effects on stream hydrology (with unit-area peak discharge, flashiness index, and runoff ratio as response variables) in five selected study watersheds. Simulation of climate change predicted effects on unit-area peak discharge, while simulation of land cover change predicted changes in all three response variables. Different distributions of additional impervious surface simulated within a single watershed had a greater effect on timing of delivery than on total amount of discharge. Third, the direct, indirect and total effects of human system, terrestrial landscape features, and stream hydrology variables on water quality outcome variables were assessed using path analysis. Stream water conductivity, total nitrogen concentration, and total phosphorus concentration were strongly influenced by road density, percent of crop land, and percent of residents with college-level education, respectively. Finally, a semi-quantitative analysis of the implementation of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting program was linked to water quality outcomes in 20 urban streams in five cities to examine the effectiveness of these regulatory requirements. Cities with higher ratings for completeness of responses to the NPDES stormwater program also had better stream water quality. Based on multiple regression analysis, a strong relationship was detected between the quality of municipal responses to the NPDES program and stream water concentrations of phosphate, total phosphorus, total suspended solids and turbidity. Evidence presented in this dissertation indicates that urban stream hydrology and water quality are related to characteristics of urban populations, landscapes, and that impacts of changes in these variables on urban stream water quality and quantity in central Iowa are likely to be more pronounced over time. The information provided by this research should be helpful for civic officials in these and other cities to mitigate against potential negative impacts of these changes to urban streams.
机译：城市景观是复杂而动态的系统，在人口众多的地区，城市地区正在迅速扩张。不可渗透的表面积（例如道路，建筑物和停车场）的增加通常与城市扩张有关，并且通常代表景观上不可逆转的变化。这些不透水的表面区域为城市居民提供服务，但也带来环境影响，包括改变城市溪流水文和溪流水质。本文研究了量化城市扩展的研究，并探索了位于爱荷华州中部五个城市的20个城市溪流域的陆地景观特征，城市溪水文，社会系统因素以及水量和水质变量之间的复杂关系。首先，使用应用于1940年至2011年航拍图像的平面数据对四个城市的城市土地覆盖变化进行了量化。不透水的表面约占19个城市中四个研究城市面积的1.5％，到2011年增加到16.8％。增加1,020％。防渗表面的大部分膨胀来自建筑物和停车场。高，中和低百分比的不渗透表面区域分别由停车场，建筑物和道路主导。其次，对五个地区的气候变化和土地覆盖变化进行了预测，并使用雨水管理模型进行了模拟，以确定它们对河流水文学的潜在影响（以单位面积的峰值流量，闪耀指数和径流比作为响应变量）。研究分水岭。模拟气候变化可预测对单位面积峰值流量的影响，而模拟土地覆盖变化可预测所有三个响应变量的变化。在单个流域内模拟的其他不透水表面的不同分布对输送时间的影响要大于对排放总量的影响。第三，使用路径分析评估了人类系统，陆地景观特征和溪流水文变量对水质结果变量的直接，间接和总体影响。溪流水的电导率，总氮浓度和总磷浓度分别受到道路密度，耕地百分比和受过大学教育的居民百分比的强烈影响。最后，将国家污染物排放消除系统（NPDES）许可计划的实施情况的半定量分析与五个城市20个城市溪流的水质结果相关联，以检验这些法规要求的有效性。对于NPDES雨水计划的响应完成度较高的城市，其溪水水质也较好。根据多元回归分析，在市政对NPDES计划的响应质量与溪流水中的磷酸盐，总磷，总悬浮固体和浊度之间存在密切关系。本文提供的证据表明，城市河流水文学和水质与城市人口，景观特征有关，随着时间的推移，这些变量的变化对爱荷华州中部城市河流水质和水量的影响可能会更加明显。这项研究提供的信息应有助于这些城市和其他城市的公民官员减轻这些变化对城市河流的潜在负面影响。

著录项

  • 作者

    Wu, Jiayu.;

  • 作者单位

    Iowa State University.;

  • 授予单位 Iowa State University.;
  • 学科 Environmental Sciences.;Water Resource Management.;Hydrology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2013
  • 页码 167 p.
  • 总页数 167
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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