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Red-headed Woodpecker Habitat Selection and Breeding Ecology on Fort Drum Military Installation, New York.

机译：纽约，Fort Drum军事设施的红发啄木鸟栖息地选择和繁殖生态学。

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摘要

Red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) populations have declined range-wide over the past 40 years, although the causal mechanisms implicated in the observed declines remain poorly understood. Population decline has been most severe at the periphery of their range, particularly in the northeastern United States, coinciding with a region where there is little information regarding red-headed woodpecker habitat use or demography. A detailed knowledge of habitat requirements and population dynamics is prerequisite for the effective conservation and management of imperiled wildlife populations, and this knowledge gap likely precludes informed management decisions for red-headed woodpeckers in the northeastern portion of their range. In response to the extreme paucity of information regarding red-headed woodpecker habitat selection and breeding ecology in the northeastern United States, I conducted a field study on Fort Drum Military Installation, New York where a small but regionally important population of 10--15 adult red-headed woodpecker pairs regularly breeds. From May to August 2012--2013 I surveyed the installation for red-headed woodpecker breeding territories and located 15 and 11 territorial pairs in 2012 and 2013, respectively. I subsequently located nest cavities of breeding pairs to monitor reproductive success and conducted extensive habitat sampling to assess nest-habitat selection.;I used boosted regression trees (BRT) to identify red-headed woodpecker nest-habitat thresholds at multiple spatial scales. Red-headed woodpeckers exhibited nest-tree thresholds related to tree (1) decay class, (2) dead-limb length, and (3) diameter at breast height (dbh), while forest patch (i.e., surrounding vegetation) thresholds were related to (1) total dead-limb length, (2) understory height, (3) average tree dbh, and (4) large tree (≥30-cm dbh) density. These results provide objective criteria for managing nesting habitat for red-headed woodpeckers, and indicate the relative importance of nest-tree and forest-patch characteristics on nest-site selection.;I modeled red-headed woodpecker daily nest survival rates (DSR) as a function of temporal and habitat-specific covariates using logistic-exposure models to identify factors influencing nest survival and better understand the underlying mechanisms affecting reproductive success and productivity. A total of 30 red-headed woodpecker nesting attempts by 22 breeding pairs were monitored over the course of the study and I documented low rates of reproductive success (overall nest success = 32%) and observed high rates (>80%) of nest predation. DSR was most influenced by cavity concealment, such that nests with greater vegetative structure surrounding (within 1 m 2 of) the nest cavity had higher survival rates--an attribute that likely reduced nest predation.;I also sought to identify factors influencing large-scale selection of breeding habitats by red-headed woodpeckers, and used BRTs to compare characteristics (structure and composition) of forest stands occupied and unoccupied by breeding territories. Red-headed woodpeckers selected forest stands with greater overall stand decadence (decay) and shorter woody understory height. My results suggest that at coarse spatial scales (i.e., forest stands or habitat fragments) red-headed woodpecker selection of breeding habitats can be influenced by overall stand decadence and management strategies that recruit numerous decadent trees into forest stands will increase available habitat for this species. This study provides resource managers with meaningful estimates of red-headed woodpecker resource selection and reproductive success that can be used as guidelines to conserve habitat for this species.
机译：在过去的40年中，红头啄木鸟（Melanerpes erythrocephalus）种群在整个范围内都下降了，尽管与所观察到的下降有关的因果机制仍知之甚少。人口下降在其周边地区最为严重，特别是在美国东北部，与该地区有关红发啄木鸟栖息地使用或人口统计学信息很少的地区相吻合。对栖息地要求和种群动态的详细了解是有效保护和管理濒临灭绝的野生动植物种群的先决条件，而这一知识鸿沟可能会妨碍对其范围东北部的红发啄木鸟进行明智的管理决策。为了应对美国东北地区有关红发啄木鸟栖息地选择和繁殖生态学的信息极为匮乏，我在纽约Fort Drum军事设施进行了野外研究，该地区有一小群但对当地有重要意义的10--15岁成年人红头啄木鸟对经常繁殖。从2012年5月至2012年8月，我调查了红头啄木鸟繁殖区的安装情况，分别在2012年和2013年发现了15对和11对领土。随后，我找到了繁殖对的巢腔，以监测繁殖成功，并进行了广泛的栖息地采样，以评估巢栖选择。我使用增强回归树（BRT）在多个空间尺度上确定了红头啄木鸟巢栖阈值。红头啄木鸟表现出与树有关的巢树阈值（1）腐烂等级，（2）死肢长度和（3）胸高（dbh）处的直径，而森林斑块（即周围的植被）阈值相关（1）总死枝长度，（2）地下高度，（3）平均树长dbh，以及（4）大树（≥30-cmdbh）密度。这些结果为管理红发啄木鸟筑巢生境提供了客观标准，并表明了巢穴树和森林斑块特征在巢址选择中的相对重要性。我将红发啄木鸟的每日巢生存率（DSR）建模为使用对数-暴露模型确定时间和栖息地特定协变量的函数，以识别影响巢生存的因素，并更好地了解影响生殖成功和生产力的潜在机制。在研究过程中，共监测了22对繁殖对进行的30次红头啄木鸟筑巢尝试，我记录了繁殖成功率低（总巢成功率= 32％）和观察到的高巢率（> 80％） 。 DSR受空腔掩盖的影响最大，因此周围（在1 m 2之内）具有较高营养结构的巢具有较高的成活率，这是可能减少巢捕食的一个属性。我还试图找出影响大型巢穴的因素。红头啄木鸟对繁殖生境进行规模选择，并使用BRT来比较繁殖地所占用和未占用的林分的特征（结构和组成）。红头啄木鸟选择的林分具有更高的总体林分decade败（衰变）和较短的木本林下层高度。我的结果表明，在粗略的空间尺度（即林分或栖息地碎片）上，红头啄木鸟对繁殖栖息地的选择可能会受到总体林分decade废的影响，而将大量腐朽树招募到林分中的管理策略将增加该物种的可用生境。 。这项研究为资源管理者提供了关于红头啄木鸟资源选择和繁殖成功的有意义的估计，可以用作保护该物种栖息地的指南。

著录项

  • 作者

    Berl, Jacob L.;

  • 作者单位

    West Virginia University.;

  • 授予单位 West Virginia University.;
  • 学科 Agriculture Wildlife Management.;Agriculture Wildlife Conservation.
  • 学位 M.S.
  • 年度 2013
  • 页码 130 p.
  • 总页数 130
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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