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Neandertal origins, Middle Pleistocene systematics, and tests of current taxonomic and phylogenetic hypotheses.

机译：尼安德特人的起源，中更新世的系统学，以及对当前分类学和系统发育假设的检验。

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摘要

The "Neandertal problem" is paleoanthropology's oldest question. Although the debate over the position of the Neandertals in human phylogeny has historically considered their fate rather than their origin, recent discussions focus on the composition and relationships of European and African Middle Pleistocene fossil taxa that precede them chronologically. These taxa, previously referred to as "archaic Homo sapiens ," include H. antecessor and H. heidelbergensis . Researchers who accept these named paleospecies as valid taxa also elevate the Neandertals to specific status (H. neanderthalensis). There is, of course, disagreement about these taxonomic hypotheses. This discourse reflects the broader debate over the pattern of evolution that culminated in the origin of modern humans and the place of the Neandertals in that pattern.; The purpose of this study is to evaluate systematic hypotheses concerning the Middle to Late Pleistocene fossil sample from an explicitly phylogenetic perspective. Discrete and continuous characters, emphasizing those previously identified as taxonomically or phylogenetically significant, were recorded for a diverse fossil sample that consisted primarily of European, Middle Eastern, and African specimens. Individuals and site samples ("exemplars") were employed as operational taxonomic units (OTUs). By using only "natural" groups as terminal taxa, it is possible to explicitly test taxonomic hypotheses because conspecifics should reflect their close relationship in the results of a phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using cladistic methods that yield hypotheses about relative recency of common ancestry and order of divergence. Clades that were supported across a wide range of analyses that differed in terms of taxa, characters, and coding schemes, were identified. The composition of these clades, and their relationships to each other, were evaluated for congruence with taxonomic and phylogenetic hypotheses concerning these fossils.; The results of these analyses support the taxonomic unity of Neandertals. H. heidelbergensis is identified as a probable grade taxon. The hypothesis that Neandertals played a major role in modern human ancestry is not supported. The present study yields explicit, testable hypotheses about the natural groups present in this enigmatic assemblage. This information will allow paleoanthropologists to better understand the nature and pattern of human evolution during this important time period.
机译：“尼安德特人问题”是古人类学最古老的问题。尽管有关尼安德特人在人类系统发育中地位的争论历来是考虑其命运而不是其起源，但最近的讨论集中在按时间顺序排列的欧洲和非洲中更新世化石类群的组成和关系。这些分类单元，以前称为“古人”，包括前H​​.海德堡和H.heidelbergensis。接受这些命名的古物种作为有效分类单元的研究人员还将尼安德特人提升到特定地位（H. neanderthalensis）。当然，关于这些分类学假设存在分歧。这种话语反映了关于进化模式的更广泛的辩论，进化模式最终导致了现代人类的起源以及尼安德特人在该模式中的地位。这项研究的目的是从系统发育的角度评估有关中更新世晚期化石样品的系统假设。对于主要由欧洲，中东和非洲标本组成的多种化石样本，记录了离散和连续的特征，强调了先前被认为在分类学或系统发育上有意义的特征。个体和现场样本（“示例”）被用作操作分类单位（OTU）。通过仅使用“自然”组作为末端分类单元，可以明确测试分类学假设，因为种系应该在系统发育分析结果中反映它们的紧密关系。系统进化分析是使用进化论方法进行的，该方法得出有关共同祖先的相对新近度和发散顺序的假设。确定了在分类，字符和编码方案方面受各种分析支持的分支。对这些进化枝的组成及其相互之间的关系进行了评估，以使其与有关这些化石的分类学和系统发育假设相一致。这些分析的结果支持尼安德特人的分类学统一。海德堡H.被鉴定为可能的等级分类单元。不支持尼安德特人在现代人类祖先中扮演重要角色的假设。本研究得出关于该神秘组合中存在的天然基团的明确，可检验的假设。这些信息将使古人类学家能够在这个重要时期更好地了解人类进化的本质和模式。

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  • 作者

    Chang, Melanie Lee.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Pennsylvania.;

  • 授予单位 University of Pennsylvania.;
  • 学科 Anthropology Physical.; Biology General.; Paleontology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2005
  • 页码 267 p.
  • 总页数 267
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 人类学;普通生物学;古生物学;
  • 关键词

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