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The role of domain expertise and judgment in dealing with unexpected events.

机译：领域专业知识和判断在处理突发事件中的作用。

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Unexpected events, particularly those creating surprise, interrupt ongoing mental and behavioral processes, creating an increased potential for unwanted outcomes to the situation. Human reactions to unexpected events vary. One can hypothesize a number of reasons for this variation, including level of domain expertise, previous experience with similar events, emotional connotation, and the contextual surround of the event. Whereas interrupting ongoing activities and focusing attention temporarily on a surprising event may be a useful evolutionary response to a threatening situation, the same process may be maladaptive in today's highly dynamic world.; The purpose of this study was to investigate how different aspects of expertise affected one's ability to detect and react to an unexpected event. It was hypothesized that there were two general types of expertise, domain expertise and judgment (Hammond, 2000), which influenced one's performance on dealing with an unexpected event. The goal of the research was to parse out the relative contribution of domain expertise, so the role of judgment could be revealed.; The research questions for this study were: (a) Can we identify specific knowledges and skills which enhance one's ability to deal with unexpected events? (b) Are these skills "automatically" included in domain expertise? (c) How does domain expertise improve or deter one's reaction and response to unexpected events? (d) What role does judgment play in responding to surprise? The general hypothesis was that good judgment would influence the process of surprise at different stages and in different ways than would domain expertise.; The conclusions from this research indicated that good judgment had a significant positive effect in helping pilots deal with unexpected events. This was most pronounced when domain expertise was low.
机译：意外事件，特别是那些引起意外的事件，中断了正在进行的心理和行为过程，增加了发生意外情况的可能性。人类对意外事件的反应各不相同。可以推测出造成这种变化的多种原因，包括领域专业知识的水平，以前对类似事件的经历，情感内涵以及事件的环境范围。尽管中断正在进行的活动并暂时将注意力集中在一个令人惊讶的事件上可能是对威胁局势的有益的进化反应，但在当今高度动态的世界中，相同的过程可能会适应不良。这项研究的目的是调查专业知识的不同方面如何影响一个人发现和应对意外事件的能力。假设有两种一般类型的专业知识，领域专业知识和判断力（Hammond，2000），这影响了一个人处理突发事件的表现。研究的目的是解析领域专业知识的相对贡献，以便可以揭示判断的作用。这项研究的研究问题是：（a）我们能否确定能够增强个人应对突发事件能力的特定知识和技能？ （b）这些技能是否“自动”包含在领域专业知识中？ （c）领域专业知识如何改善或阻止个人对突发事件的反应？ （d）判断在应对突发事件中起什么作用？一般的假设是，与专业知识相比，良好的判断会在不同的阶段以不同的方式影响突击过程。这项研究的结论表明，良好的判断力对帮助飞行员应对突发事件具有明显的积极作用。当领域专业知识不足时，这一点最为明显。

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