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The Role of United States Public Health Service in the Control of Syphilis during the Early 20th Century.

机译：20世纪初，美国公共卫生服务在控制梅毒中的作用。

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摘要

Statement of the Problem: To historians, the word syphilis usually evokes images of a bygone era where lapses in moral turpitude led to venereal disease and its eventual sequelae of medical and moral stigmata. It is considered by many, a disease of the past and simply another point of interest in the timeline of medical, military or public health history. However, the relationship of syphilis to the United States Public Health Service is more than just a fleeting moment in time. In fact, the control of syphilis in the United States during the early 20th century remains relatively unknown to most individuals including historians, medical professionals and public health specialists. This dissertation will explore following question: What was the role of the United States Public Health Service in the control of syphilis during the first half of the 20th century? This era was a fertile period to study the control of syphilis due to a plethora of factors including the following: epidemic proportions in the U.S. population and military with syphilis; the emergence of tools to define, recognize and treat syphilis; the occurrence of two world wars with a rise in the incidence and prevalence of syphilis, the economic ramifications of the disease; and the emergence of the U.S. Public Health Service with its champions, successes and failures.;Methods: To answer this question, an extensive review of literature was done including primary and secondary sources from the military, public health specialists, medical specialists, historical reviews, etc.;Summary: The control of syphilis was not possible until the U.S. Public Health Service had the tools to define, recognize and treat this disease which became reality in the early twentieth century. The importance of controlling syphilis for the U.S. Public Health Service surged during the First and Second World Wars where it became a major public health and military problem. It was also obvious that there needed to be both Governmental and public support for the control of syphilis in order for the U.S. Public Health Service to succeed in its mission. Clearly the 1920s and the early 1930s demonstrated that the control of syphilis could not be accomplished until the word syphilis metamorphosized from a taboo to a household term where it could be discussed in pubic in such venues as newspapers, radio, theater, etc. Additionally, there was a need for a champion like that of Thomas Parran MD, the 6 th Surgeon General of Public Health to ignite that passion towards the control of syphilis with educational problems, increased research and financial aid.;After World War II, a national program for the control of syphilis had less importance to the U.S. Public Health Service due to several reasons. With the advancement in treatment for syphilis and gonorrhea, therapy via the Rapid Treatment Centers was replaced with antibiotics which now included penicillin. This new medication was simple to administer, rapid in onset, safe with minimal adverse side effects and most importantly effective. Secondly, physicians were now able to provide such treatment in their office or clinics. Finally, due to cutbacks in the funding post war by the federal government, treatment of syphilis and gonorrhea became the responsibility of the state rather than that of the U.S. Public Health Service.;With the end of War World II, the focus of U.S. Public Health Service and need for reorganization would be necessary because of an epidemiological transition in the nation's disease patterns from that of communicable diseases (tuberculosis, syphilis, pneumonia, diarrheal diseases and diphtheria) to that of chronic diseases (heart disease, cancer, hypertension and accidents with their sequelae). However, syphilis stills a role to play in the U.S. Public Health Service with the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Here both moral and ethical decisions about treating patients became paramount and resulted in major policy changes within the Service.
机译：问题陈述：对于历史学家而言，梅毒一词通常让人联想到过去时代的图像，在该时代，道德败坏导致性病，并最终造成医学和道德耻辱感的后遗症。许多人认为它是过去的疾病，并且只是医学，军事或公共卫生历史时间表中的另一个关注点。但是，梅毒与美国公共卫生服务的关系不只是一时的转瞬即逝。实际上，在20世纪初期，美国对梅毒的控制对于包括历史学家，医学专家和公共卫生专家在内的大多数人来说仍然相对未知。本文将探讨以下问题：在20世纪上半叶，美国公共卫生服务在控制梅毒中起什么作用？由于以下多种因素，研究梅毒的控制的沃土时期包括：美国人口中的流行比例和梅毒病患者；出现了定义，认识和治疗梅毒的工具；发生了两次世界大战，梅毒的发病率和患病率上升，这是该疾病的经济后果； 方法：为了回答这个问题，对文献进行了广泛的回顾，包括军事，公共卫生的主要和次要来源专家，医学专家，历史回顾等； 总结：直到美国公共卫生服务局拥有定义，识别和治疗这种疾病的工具，梅毒的控制才得以实现。二十世纪。在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战期间，控制梅毒对美国公共卫生服务的重要性激增，这成为主要的公共卫生和军事问题。同样很明显，政府和公众都需要梅毒控制的支持，才能使美国公共卫生服务局成功地执行其使命。显然，1920年代和1930年代初期表明，梅毒的控制要到完成后才能实现，直到梅毒这个词从禁忌变成了家喻户晓的词，在报纸，广播，剧院等地方的公共场所都可以讨论它。此外，需要一个像第6届超级公共卫生大臣托马斯·帕兰（Thomas Parran MD）这样的拥护者来激发人们对控制梅毒和教育问题，增加研究和财政援助的热情。第二次世界大战是一项控制梅毒的国家计划，由于以下几个原因，它对美国公共卫生服务的重要性降低。随着梅毒和淋病治疗的进步，通过快速治疗中心进行的治疗已被现在包括青霉素在内的抗生素所取代。这种新药易于管理，起效快，安全，副作用少且最有效。其次，医生现在可以在其办公室或诊所提供这种治疗。最终，由于战后联邦政府削减了资金，梅毒和淋病的治疗成为国家而不是美国公共卫生局的责任。随着第二次世界大战的结束，美国公众的关注焦点由于从传染病（结核病，梅毒，肺炎，腹泻病和白喉病）到慢性病（心脏病，癌症，高血压和意外事故）的流行病学转变，卫生服务和重组的必要性是必要的及其后遗症）。但是，梅毒在“塔斯克吉梅毒研究”中仍在美国公共卫生服务中发挥作用。在这里，关于治疗患者的道德和道德决定都变得至关重要，并导致该服务部门的重大政策变更。

著录项

  • 作者

    Sarka, George.;

  • 作者单位

    University of California, Los Angeles.;

  • 授予单位 University of California, Los Angeles.;
  • 学科 History United States.;Health Sciences Public Health.
  • 学位 D.P.H.
  • 年度 2013
  • 页码 145 p.
  • 总页数 145
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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