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Managing conflict and promoting learning in interactive arenas in natural resources management: The importance of stakeholder frames related to people-environment relationships.

机译：在自然资源管理的交互式领域中管理冲突并促进学习：与人与环境关系有关的利益相关者框架的重要性。

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Citizen and stakeholder participation in natural resources management often focuses on conflicts about water and forests, public lands, habitat and biodiversity, recreation and development. Interactive arenas, or participatory decision-making arenas, provide opportunities to: (1) manage conflict, and (2) promote learning about environmental trends and cause-effect relationships. Both are necessary to achieve durable agreements that support sustainability. Yet conducting these arenas is difficult. Participants hold different values and practical constraints may result in "quick-fix," "analysis paralysis," or "feel-good forums." This study gives insight to conflict and learning in interactive arenas in natural resources management.; Two interactive arenas in Minnesota were examined: the Motorized Trail Task Force, addressing off-highway vehicle recreation in state forests; and the Metro Trout Stream Watershed Protection Initiative , addressing urban trout streams. Forty-five standardized, open-ended interviews and surveys focused on participant perceptions of people-environment relationships, conflict, learning, and satisfaction. Computer-aided text analysis (QSR NVivo) helped code and analyze participant responses.; Participants held different values and frames about the conflicts, as expected from existing literature and theory. Yet this research provided new, emerging theory about how stakeholders frame key elements of people-environment relationships, and what this means for the tractability of conflict. Three broad frames emerged: a promotionary frame (promoting recreation or development), acceptability frame (accepting recreation or development if managed to mitigate environmental concerns), and precautionary frame (applying the precautionary principle to protect the environment). Examining the details of these frames uncovered leverage points to manage conflicts by: learning and refraining; negotiating differences; using constructive science; and building an outdoors stewardship identity.; Results also showed that stakeholder frames operated at different scales, including macro- and micro-scales of justice, geography, timeframe, problem orientation, and identity. Integrating scales may help develop durable agreements that support sustainability.; Stakeholders identified learning promoters and detractors, including procedural, substantive and relational features. In contentious recreational access conflicts, participants emphasized the need for timely learning and negotiations.; Designers of interactive arenas should consider basics of: participation methods; conflict management; social learning; constructive science; leadership; and future capacity. Understanding stakeholder frames related to people-environment relationships should also guide opportunities to manage conflict and promote learning.
机译：公民和利益相关者参与自然资源管理通常集中在与水和森林，公共土地，栖息地和生物多样性，娱乐与发展有关的冲突上。交互式竞技场或参与性决策竞技场提供了以下机会：（1）处理冲突，以及（2）促进对环境趋势和因果关系的了解。两者都是达成支持可持续性的持久协议所必需的。然而，进行这些竞技场是困难的。参与者持有不同的价值观，实际的约束可能导致“快速修复”，“分析瘫痪”或“感觉良好的论坛”。这项研究提供了在自然资源管理的互动领域中冲突和学习的见识。在明尼苏达州的两个互动场所进行了研究：机动步道特遣队，处理州森林中非公路车辆的娱乐；以及“都市鳟鱼河流域保护倡议”，针对城市鳟鱼河。四十五项标准化，开放式访谈和调查的重点是参与者对人与环境关系，冲突，学习和满意度的看法。计算机辅助文本分析（QSR NVivo）帮助编码和分析参与者的响应。正如现有文献和理论所预期的，参与者对冲突持有不同的价值观和框架。然而，这项研究提供了关于利益相关者如何构架人与环境关系的关键要素以及这对冲突的可处理性意味着什么的新兴理论。出现了三大框架：促销框架（促进娱乐或发展），可接受框架（如果设法缓解环境问题则接受娱乐或发展）和预防框架（应用预防原则以保护环境）。通过检查这些框架的细节，发现了可以通过以下方法来管理冲突的杠杆点：学习和克制；谈判分歧；使用建设性科学；并建立户外管理身份。结果还表明，利益相关者框架的运作规模不同，包括司法，地理，时间框架，问题取向和身份的宏观和微观尺度。规模整合可能有助于制定支持可持续性的持久协议。利益相关者确定了学习促进者和反对者，包括程序，实质和关系特征。在有争议的娱乐场所冲突中，与会人员强调需要及时学习和谈判。交互式竞技场的设计者应考虑以下基础知识：参与方法；冲突管理;社会学习；建设性科学；领导;和未来的能力。了解与人与环境关系有关的利益相关者框架也应指导管理冲突和促进学习的机会。

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