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Feral pig management in southern Texas: A landscape genetics approach.

机译：德克萨斯州南部的野猪管理：一种景观遗传学方法。

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摘要

Feral pigs are the most abundant exotic ungulate in the United States, comprised of escaped domestic swine, Eurasian wild boar, and their hybrids. Feral pigs have been reported in 23 states, with Texas having the highest number of animals (about 2 million). Feral pigs predate on and compete for resources with native wildlife. In addition, feral pigs are a significant threat to agriculture (grain, peanut, soybean, cotton, and vegetable crops) and soils because of rooting and trampling. Feral pigs also transmit, and are reservoirs for, diseases such as pseudorabies, brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, and foot and mouth disease that affect humans and livestock. I studied complementary ways for assessing multiple paternity, damage control effectiveness, and the influence of landscape features on genetic population structure.;I found evidence of multiple paternity in 21 of 64 litters (33%) from 7 of 9 south Texas sites sampled. Sows displayed a range of conception dates, where 2 sites had a non-concurrent estrous, sows collected at a third site had a bimodal estrous, and sows had a relatively synchronous estrous at a fourth site. Males sired from 8 to 11 offspring at 3 study sites with sufficient litters to assess paternal contribution. The mean litter size was less than the best fit value for the number of offspring sired, indicating that some males sired offspring with ≥2 females. My data could improve management strategies by providing insight into mating behavior of feral pigs. For example, the frequency of multiple paternity can be used to assess sexual contact, and therefore opportunity for disease transmission. In addition, the presence of multiple mating could influence the development of fertility control strategies, specifically in the decision of which sex should be targeted.;Lethal control methods are widely practiced but the effects of lethal control on the population dynamics of feral pigs have rarely been evaluated. I used a panel of genetic markers to assess the impact of common lethal control methods (trapping and aerial shooting) at 2 sites in southern Texas. I conducted 2-3 removals at each site and quantified population structure and differentiation among pigs sampled during the removal events. I found no evidence for immigrants from genetically differentiated populations. I conclude that lethal control at the spatial scale and level of intensity tested had minimal effect on feral pig populations. Control efforts should be conducted at greater spatial scales to achieve long-term impacts on populations of feral pigs in south Texas, perhaps through the formation of management cooperatives. My findings also emphasize the need for understanding how landscape features influence the movements and large-scale population structure of feral pigs in the south Texas region.;I used genetic data to evaluate the effect of landscape features (e.g. waterways, roads, urban area, and agricultural fields) on the populations structure and movements of feral pigs. I generated a cost-weighted distance surface for southern Texas to model the movement of feral pigs through the landscape. I validated the cost-weighted model using genetic data from 1,258 adult feral pigs collected at 24 sites in southern Texas. First, I quantified broad-scale population structure among the 24 sites by computing an overall FST value and used different Bayesian clustering algorithms implemented in Structure 2.2 and BAPS 4.2 to group individuals into genetic clusters (K), both with and without considering the spatial location of samples. Subsequently, I overlapped the cost- weighted surface with the suggested number of clusters to identify barriers and corridors among clusters. At a broad geographic scale, pig populations displayed a moderate degree of genetic structure (FST = 0.11). The best partition for number of populations in Structure 2.2, based on 2nd order rate of change of the likelihood distribution was K = 10 discrete genetic clusters. A spatially Bayesian clustering algorithm implemented in BAPS 4.2 suggested 12 genetic clusters in the region. I found evidence of past (and possibly ongoing) translocations; many populations were admixed. At finer geographic scales, it appears that predicted areas of unsuitable habitat did indeed act as barriers, while expanses of homogenous habitats may facilitate natural (not human-mediated) dispersal among sites. The cost-weighted distance surface was validated with genetic data and represents a realistic model that can be applied for other zones in Texas. Results from this study may have a significant impact feral pig control by helping define the geographic area over which control methods should be conducted to achieve long term results. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
机译：野猪是美国最丰富的有蹄类动物，由逃生的家猪，欧亚野猪及其杂交种组成。据报道，在23个州，野生猪数量最多（约200万），其中德克萨斯州的动物最多。野生猪早于本地野生动物并与野生动物竞争资源。此外，由于生根和践踏，野生猪对农业（谷物，花生，大豆，棉花和蔬菜作物）和土壤构成了重大威胁。野猪还传播伪狂犬病，布鲁氏菌病，牛结核病和影响人畜的口蹄疫，并成为该病的储存库。我研究了评估多重亲子关系，破坏控制效果以及景观特征对遗传种群结构的影响的补充方法。;我从采样的9个德克萨斯州南部地点中的64个凋落物中，有21个（33％）发现了多重亲子关系的证据。母猪显示出一系列受孕日期，其中两个地点的发情不同并发，第三地点收集的母猪有双峰发情，而第四地点的母猪发情相对同步。雄性在3个研究地点的8到11个后代中繁殖，有足够的幼仔来评估父亲的贡献。平均产仔数小于其后代数量的最佳拟合值，表明某些雄性对≥2个雌性的后代进行繁殖。我的数据可以通过洞察野生猪的交配行为来改善管理策略。例如，多重亲子关系的频率可用于评估性接触，从而评估疾病传播的机会。此外，多次交配的存在可能会影响生育力控制策略的发展，特别是在决定以哪种性别为目标的决策中。；广泛使用了致死性控制方法，但致死性控制对野生猪种群动态的影响很少被评估。我使用一组遗传标记来评估德克萨斯州南部2个地点常用的致命控制方法（诱捕和空中射击）的影响。我在每个位置进行了2-3次清除，并量化了清除期间采样的猪的种群结构和分化。我没有发现来自遗传分化人群的证据。我得出结论，在空间尺度和强度上进行致命控制对野猪种群影响最小。应该在更大的空间范围内进行控制，以期通过建立管理合作社对德克萨斯州南部的野猪种群产生长期影响。我的发现还强调需要了解景观特征如何影响德克萨斯州南部地区野猪的运动和大规模种群结构。我使用遗传数据评估景观特征（例如水路，道路，市区， （农业领域）野猪的种群结构和运动。我为德克萨斯州南部生成了一个成本加权的距离表面，以模拟野猪在整个景观中的运动。我使用得克萨斯州南部24个地点收集的1258只成年野猪的遗传数据验证了成本加权模型。首先，我通过计算整体FST值对24个地点之间的大规模种群结构进行了量化，并使用在结构2.2和BAPS 4.2中实现的不同贝叶斯聚类算法将个体分为遗传簇（K），无论是否考虑空间位置样本。随后，我将成本加权表面与建议的群集数量重叠，以识别群集之间的障碍和走廊。在广泛的地理范围内，猪群显示出中等程度的遗传结构（FST = 0.11）。在结构2.2中，基于似然分布的二阶变化率，最佳的种群数量分配是K = 10个离散的遗传簇。 BAPS 4.2中实现的空间贝叶斯聚类算法建议该区域有12个遗传簇。我发现过去（可能正在进行）易位的证据；许多人口混在一起。在更精细的地理尺度上，似乎不合适的生境的预测区域确实确实起到了障碍的作用，而同质生境的广阔可能会促进地点之间自然（而非人为媒介）的扩散。成本加权距离表面已通过遗传数据验证，并代表了可用于德克萨斯州其他地区的现实模型。这项研究的结果可能通过帮助定义应采取控制方法以获得长期结果的地理区域，可能对野生猪的控制产生重大影响。 （摘要由UMI缩短。）

著录项

  • 作者

    Delgado-Acevedo, Johanna H.;

  • 作者单位

    Texas A&M University - Kingsville.;

  • 授予单位 Texas A&M University - Kingsville.;
  • 学科 Biology Ecology.;Biology Genetics.;Biology Zoology.;Agriculture Forestry and Wildlife.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2010
  • 页码 114 p.
  • 总页数 114
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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