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Community flood hazard mitigation and the Community Rating System of National Flood Insurance Program.

机译：减轻社区洪水灾害和国家洪水保险计划的社区评估系统。

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摘要

This dissertation focuses on the Community Rating System (CRS) of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), which credits local floodplain management activities and provides flood insurance premium discounts for households and businesses in a community. Programs like CRS seek to incent cooperation amongst federal, state, and local governments rather than impose top-down mandates that require particular mitigation approaches. By offering individual financial inducements for community-level flood hazard mitigation, CRS is an incentive-based, bottom-up cooperative approach to risk management that could address some of the shortcomings of other cooperative approaches to environmental management. Through an improved understanding of CRS, state governments and FEMA can better encourage participation in the CRS and similar programs in order to provide for better protection from natural hazards. It also allows for a better targeting of resources to improve hazard vulnerability.;This dissertation has three major chapters. Chapter 3, which is entitled "Participation in the Community Rating System of NFIP: An Empirical Analysis of North Carolina Counties", tests a number of hypotheses offered by previous researchers regarding factors that motivate local hazard management initiatives through an examination of patterns in CRS participation across all 100 North Carolina counties from 1991 to 2002. Specifically, we examine the influence of flood experience, hydrological risk, local capacity, and socioeconomic factors on county hazard mitigation decisions. Results indicate that flood history and physical risk factors increase likelihood of local hazard mitigation adoption. We find evidence that the probability of CRS participation is lower in counties with a greater proportion of senior citizens and greater level of education, and that flood hazard mitigation activities at the county level are more likely when a greater number of nested of municipalities participate in CRS.;Chapter 4, which is entitled "Evaluation of the Community Rating System of National Flood Insurance Program---An Application of Propensity Score Matching", develops innovative ways to assess the performance of the CRS. The true performance of CRS can be determined if one compares a meaningful outcome---like the average property damage during flooding events---for each CRS participant with their untreated selves during the same event. However, it is impossible to observe what would have happened to CRS participants in absence of their participating in the CRS (lack of counterfactual). The primary objective of chapter 4 is to use propensity score matching (PSM) methods to correct sample selection bias due to observable differences between the CRS participants and comparison groups. Although there is substantial variation in the results, the findings show that all of the effects are in the same direction, indicating CRS effectively reduces the average property damage due to flood hazard.;Chapter 5, which is entitled "Estimation of a Dynamic Model: Policy Learning in Hazard Mitigation", addresses the dynamic nature in flood hazard mitigation policy learning by examining the patterns in Community Rating System (CRS) scores across all 100 counties in North Carolina from 1995 to 2010, with controls of flood experience, hydrological risk factors, local capacity, and socioeconomic factors. It is important for local governments to maintain stability and transparency in planning and policy-making processes, so that agents and institutions can form reasonable expectations upon which to make development and investment decisions. As a result, the establishment of a new framework of hazard mitigation presents a considerable challenge, involving a change of momentum which requires commissioner meetings, public hearings, and ordinance revisions, all of which are costly. Therefore, we postulate that hazard mitigation policy evolution in response natural disasters can be described in terms of a dynamic mechanism. The dynamic panel model is characterized by the presence of a lagged dependent variable among the regressors, incorporating both dynamics and individual-specific effects. The result show that once local governments regulate their floodplains in ways that go beyond the minimum required by the NFIP, they tend to improve flood hazard mitigation incrementally despite changes in staff and shifts in local political regimes. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
机译：本文着眼于国家洪水保险计划（NFIP）的社区评估系统（CRS），该系统对当地的洪泛区管理活动表示赞赏，并为社区中的家庭和企业提供洪水保险费折扣。诸如CRS之类的计划旨在鼓励联邦，州和地方政府之间的合作，而不是强加自上而下的要求特殊缓解方法的命令。通过为社区减轻洪灾风险提供个人财务诱因，CRS是一种基于激励的自下而上的风险管理合作方法，可以解决环境管理方面其他合作方法的不足。通过加深对CRS的了解，州政府和FEMA可以更好地鼓励人们参与CRS和类似计划，以提供更好的自然灾害防护。它还可以更好地针对资源，以改善危害脆弱性。本论文分为三个主要章节。第3章的标题为“参与NFIP社区评估系统：对北卡罗莱纳州县的经验分析”，通过研究CRS参与模式，检验了先前研究人员针对激励当地危害管理举措的因素提出的许多假设从1991年到2002年，在北卡罗来纳州的所有100个县中进行调查。具体而言，我们研究了洪水经验，水文风险，当地容量和社会经济因素对县级减灾决策的影响。结果表明，洪水历史和物理风险因素增加了采用局部缓解措施的可能性。我们发现有证据表明，在老年人口比例较高和受教育程度较高的县中，参与CRS的可能性较低，并且当有更多的嵌套城市参与CRS时，县一级的减轻洪灾风险活动的可能性更大。 。;第4章标题为“国家洪水保险计划社区评估系统的评估-倾向得分匹配的应用”，它开发了评估CRS绩效的创新方法。如果将每个CRS参与者与同一事件中未经处理的自我进行比较，就可以确定CRS的真实表现，例如洪水事件期间的平均财产损失。但是，不可能观察到CRS参与者在没有参加CRS的情况下会发生什么（缺乏反事实）。第4章的主要目标是使用倾向得分匹配（PSM）方法来纠正由于CRS参与者和比较组之间的可观察到的差异而导致的样本选择偏差。尽管结果存在很大差异，但研究结果表明，所有影响都朝着同一方向发展，这表明CRS有效地减少了由于洪水灾害造成的平均财产损失。；第5章，标题为“动态模型的估计：减灾政策学习”，通过检查1995年至2010年北卡罗来纳州所有100个县的社区评估系统（CRS）评分模式，并控制洪水经验，水文风险因素，解决了减灾政策学习的动态性质，本地能力和社会经济因素。对于地方政府而言，在规划和决策过程中保持稳定性和透明性很重要，这样代理商和机构就可以对做出发展和投资决策时形成合理的期望。结果，建立减轻危害的新框架提出了巨大的挑战，其中涉及改变势头，这需要专员会议，公开听证会和法令修订，所有这些都代价高昂。因此，我们假设可以用动态机制来描述自然灾害响应中的减灾政策演变。动态面板模型的特征在于，回归变量之间存在滞后因变量，并结合了动力学和个体特有的影响。结果表明，一旦地方政府对洪泛区的管理超出了NFIP要求的最低限度，尽管工作人员发生了变化并且地方政治制度发生了变化，但他们往往会逐步提高缓解洪灾的能力。 （摘要由UMI缩短。）

著录项

  • 作者

    Li, Jingyuan.;

  • 作者单位

    East Carolina University.;

  • 授予单位 East Carolina University.;
  • 学科 Economics Environmental.;Environmental Management.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2012
  • 页码 146 p.
  • 总页数 146
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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