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The geographical sources of competitive advantage and specialization among book publishing houses in Frankfurt-am-Main and Berlin (Germany).

机译：美因河畔法兰克福和柏林（德国）的图书出版社之间竞争优势和专业化的地理来源。

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This research explores the role of localized external economies and spatial transaction costs in shaping the location, competitive advantage and specialization of book publishers in Germany. There, six cities vie for the dominant position within this urban hierarchy. While Munich is ranked first, Berlin and Frankfurt-am-Main follow closely behind. However, this is an urban hierarchy in which no one city clearly dominates this cultural-product industry. Trade and location theory suggest that this pattern shows that each city specializes in producing specific kinds of titles. In order to assess this prediction, this work investigates the geographical bases of competitive advantage and specialization in the German book trade.; This work draws on structured interviews at 85 book publishing houses in Frankfurt-am-Main and Berlin. Informal interviews, archival resources and secondary statistical data also augment this analysis. Interpreting these data reveals the benefits accruing to book publishers in each of these cities, as well as the locational shifts of book publishing houses throughout Germany.; These benefits obtain in the local labor market, input-output system and knowledge spillovers. However, numerous regional differences exist. Frankfurt-am-Main specialized in producing General Interest titles while Berlin specialized in Social Science titles. The local labor market, input-output system and knowledge spillovers of Frankfurt book publishers were consistently more spatially extensive than was more insular Berlin, though these differences were not always statistically significant. Paradoxically this inward-orientation did not translate into Berlin as a more competitive milieu. Instead, Frankfurt's industry, though smaller, was better positioned to operate in larger and more profitable markets. Additionally, two deeper locational shifts were revealed. First, larger urban areas were losing a disproportionate share of book publishing houses when compared to smaller urban areas. This suggests that spatial transaction costs are falling, enabling in some cases these activities to locate or survive in smaller cities and non-urban areas. However, this might have also been driven by corporate merger activity and differential rates of bankruptcies between urban and non-urban areas. Second, historically there was a westward shift in the location of publishing activities in Germany following the Second World War, and it is unclear if German reunification will reverse this spatial pattern.
机译：这项研究探讨了本地化的外部经济和空间交易成本在塑造德国图书出版商的位置，竞争优势和专业化方面的作用。在那里，有六个城市在争夺这个城市等级制中的主导地位。慕尼黑排名第一，而柏林和美因河畔法兰克福紧随其后。但是，这是一个城市等级制，其中没有一个城市明确地主导这一文化产品产业。贸易和区位理论表明，这种模式表明每个城市都专门生产特定种类的头衔。为了评估这一预测，本文研究了德国图书交易中竞争优势和专业化的地理基础。这项工作借鉴了美因河畔法兰克福和柏林的85家图书出版商的结构化采访。非正式采访，档案资源和辅助统计数据也增加了这一分析。对这些数据的解释揭示了这些城市中每个图书出版商的收益，以及整个德国图书出版商的地域转移。这些好处在当地劳动力市场，投入产出系统和知识溢出中获得。但是，存在许多地区差异。美因河畔法兰克福专门研究一般兴趣职称，柏林专门研究社会科学职称。法兰克福书出版商的当地劳动力市场，投入产出系统和知识溢出在空间上比在柏林更为孤立地更为广泛，尽管这些差异并不总是统计上显着的。矛盾的是，这种内向型取向并没有转化为柏林成为更具竞争力的环境。相反，法兰克福的行业虽然规模较小，但是却可以更好地在更大，利润更高的市场中运营。此外，还揭示了两个更深的位置偏移。首先，与较小的城市地区相比，较大的城市地区失去的图书出版社所占比例不成比例。这表明空间交易成本正在下降，在某些情况下使这些活动能够在较小的城市和非城市地区找到或生存。但是，这也可能是由于公司合并活动以及城市地区和非城市地区之间破产率的差异所致。第二，从历史上看，第二次世界大战后德国出版活动的位置向西转移，目前尚不清楚德国统一是否会扭转这种空间格局。

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