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The globalization of Turkish organized crime and the policy response.

机译：土耳其有组织犯罪的全球化和政策对策。

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摘要

The consequences of the globalization process have created opportunities for traditional organized crime (OC) groups operating on the national level to transform into transnational criminal organizations (TOC). One of these criminal organizations that has globalized successfully is Turkish organized crime. The geographic position of Turkey, increasing demand for illicit trade, immigrants from developing countries in Turkey, Turkish Diaspora communities in different regions of the world, and obstacles to effective law enforcement cooperation are some of the factors that present opportunities for Turkish groups to operate globally. This study has analyzed where and how Turkish OC groups have globalized. Using social network, quantitative and qualitative data analyses, this study aims to examine the globalization of Turkish OC from various perspectives, makes specific policy analyses and recommends new effective policies.;The study finds that OC groups operating in Turkey and Turkish criminal organizations in Europe whose members are composed mainly of Turkish immigrants operate globally by having criminal networks in different regions of the world. TOC groups in Turkey are some of the most dominant criminal organizations operating on the Balkans route. Moreover, TOC groups in Turkey operate in loosely-organized networks of cells, and their group structures fit well the characteristics of transnational criminal groups. Turkish organized crime groups have linkages with transnational criminal organizations operating in the Middle East, and the Caucasus, as well as Central Asian and Western African countries. Turkish organized crime groups are not present in these regions. Immigrants from those regions in Turkey have provided connections between Turkish groups and criminal organizations in their home countries. The main activities of Turkish groups in those regions are to collaborate in drug trafficking, human smuggling and human trafficking. The situation of Turkish groups in Europe is different. They either operate independently or provide connections to criminal groups in Turkey. They have operated mainly in drug trafficking, human smuggling, human trafficking, cigarette smuggling, and arms smuggling, especially dominating high percentages of the heroin trafficking market in Europe. Recently, they have exchanged some kinds of drugs trafficked by other criminal organizations with heroin. They have collaborated with other criminal groups and have laundered a significant amount of crime money in Turkey. Policies on the national and global levels are required against Turkish TOC groups. The capacity of the law enforcement in Turkey should be increased, and obstacles related to effective international cooperation should be eliminated.
机译：全球化进程的后果为在国家一级开展活动的传统有组织犯罪集团（OC）转变为跨国犯罪组织（TOC）创造了机会。土耳其有组织犯罪是已成功全球化的犯罪组织之一。土耳其的地理位置，对非法贸易的需求增加，来自土耳其的发展中国家的移民，世界不同地区的土耳其侨民社区以及有效的执法合作的障碍是土耳其集团在全球开展业务的机会的一些因素。这项研究分析了土耳其OC组织在何处以及如何全球化。该研究使用社交网络，定量和定性数据分析，旨在从各种角度研究土耳其OC的全球化，进行具体的政策分析并提出新的有效政策。;研究发现在土耳其运营的OC组和欧洲的土耳其犯罪组织其成员主要由土耳其移民组成，在世界各地都有犯罪网络，在全球开展业务。土耳其的TOC团体是在巴尔干路线上运作的最主要的犯罪组织。此外，土耳其的TOC团体在组织松散的牢房网络中运作，其团体结构非常适合跨国犯罪集团的特征。土耳其有组织犯罪集团与在中东，高加索以及中亚和西非国家开展活动的跨国犯罪组织有联系。这些地区没有土耳其有组织犯罪集团。来自土耳其这些地区的移民为土耳其集团和其本国的犯罪组织之间建立了联系。土耳其集团在这些地区的主要活动是在贩毒，人口走私和人口贩运方面进行合作。欧洲的土耳其团体的情况有所不同。他们要么独立运作，要么与土耳其的犯罪集团建立联系。它们主要从事毒品贩运，人口走私，人口贩运，香烟走私和武器走私，特别是在欧洲海洛因贩运市场中占主导地位。最近，他们用海洛因交换了其他犯罪组织贩运的某些毒品。他们与其他犯罪集团合作，并在土耳其洗劫了大量犯罪资金。需要针对土耳其TOC团体制定国家和全球政策。土耳其的执法能力应提高，消除与有效国际合作有关的障碍。

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  • 作者

    Cengiz, Mahmut.;

  • 作者单位

    George Mason University.;

  • 授予单位 George Mason University.;
  • 学科 Political Science International Law and Relations.;Sociology Public and Social Welfare.;Sociology Criminology and Penology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2010
  • 页码 354 p.
  • 总页数 354
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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