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Habitat loss, cumulative impacts, and the Clean Water Act Section 404 program: A spatial analysis.

机译：栖息地损失，累积影响以及《清洁水法》第404条程序：空间分析。

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摘要

Habitat loss is the leading cause of species extinctions and biodiversity reduction in the world today. This dissertation quantified cumulative habitat loss associated with Clean Water Act Section 404 permits, primarily for developments, issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. First, I evaluated the existing 404 data set within the San Jacinto and Santa Margarita Watersheds. From 1984--2003, at least 304 acres of waters of the U.S. were permanently impacted, including 91 acres of wetlands, and at least 450 acres of mitigation were required for authorized developments. However, the existing 404 data did not contain enough information to adequately evaluate cumulative impacts.; I used remote sensing and GIS techniques to quantify cumulative habitat loss over time. The results of this analysis show the majority of habitat loss occurred outside of explicitly-404-authorized developments. While impacts explicitly authorized by the Corps under Section 404 were relatively small in relation to total cumulative impacts, non-explicitly-authorized development cumulatively represents a substantial fraction of observed habitat loss, including impacts to waters of the U.S. Based on this analysis, the Corps has failed to adequately analyze cumulative impacts, despite legal requirements to do so.; The spatial distribution of habitat loss and 404 permits were analyzed statistically (accounting for spatial autocorrelation). In almost all cases, percent habitat loss was significantly correlated with variables representing 404 authorizations. Significant correlations may indicate the presence of non-explicit/indirect authorizations and that 404-authorizations may indirectly facilitate nearby development (i.e., growth inducing impacts).; This study expanded the usage of remote sensing, GIS, and spatial statistics for the purpose of regulatory-driven cumulative impact assessment and provides a model for future cumulative impact assessment studies seeking to analyze spatially-distributed impacts of permit and other regulatory, policy, or legislative decisions. Until resource agencies quantify cumulative impacts in a spatially explicit manner and analyze those data statistically, there can be little rigorous scientific basis for formulating regulatory or policy decisions regarding cumulative impacts.
机译：生境丧失是当今世界物种灭绝和生物多样性减少的主要原因。本论文量化了与《清洁水法》第404条许可相关的累积栖息地损失，这些许可主要是针对美国陆军工程兵团发布的开发项目。首先，我评估了San Jacinto和Santa Margarita流域内现有的404个数据集。从1984--2003年，美国至少有304英亩的水受到永久性影响，包括91英亩的湿地，并且至少有450英亩的减缓要求进行授权开发。但是，现有的404数据没有足够的信息来充分评估累积影响。我使用了遥感和GIS技术来量化随时间推移而累积的栖息地损失。该分析的结果表明，大部分栖息地丧失发生在明确获得404授权的开发项目之外。尽管军团根据第404条明确授权的影响相对于总累积影响而言相对较小，但未经明确授权的开发累计代表了观察到的栖息地丧失的很大一部分，包括对美国水域的影响。根据此分析，军团尽管有法律要求，但未能充分分析累积影响。对生境丧失和404个许可证的空间分布进行了统计分析（考虑了空间自相关）。在几乎所有情况下，栖息地丧失的百分比与代表404授权的变量显着相关。显着的相关性可能表明存在非明确/间接授权，而404授权可能间接地促进附近的发展（即，增长引起的影响）。这项研究扩展了遥感，GIS和空间统计的用途，以用于法规驱动的累积影响评估，并为将来的累积影响评估研究提供了一个模型，以试图分析许可证和其他法规，政策或政策的空间分布影响立法决定。直到资源机构以空间明确的方式量化累积影响并进行统计分析，在制定有关累积影响的监管或政策决策时，几乎没有严格的科学依据。

著录项

  • 作者

    Swenson, Daniel Patterson.;

  • 作者单位

    University of California, Los Angeles.;

  • 授予单位 University of California, Los Angeles.;
  • 学科 Environmental Sciences.
  • 学位 D.Env.
  • 年度 2005
  • 页码 211 p.
  • 总页数 211
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 环境科学基础理论;
  • 关键词

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