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Local government adoption of aging-friendly policies and programs: A mixed methods approach.

机译：地方政府采用有利于老龄化的政策和计划：一种混合方法。

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摘要

Aging-friendly communities share three characteristics: (1) individuals can continue to pursue and enjoy interests and activities, (2) supports are available so that individuals with functional disabilities can still meet their basic health and social needs, and (3) older adults can develop new sources of fulfillment and engagement (Lehning, Chun, & Scharlach, 2007). Framed by an internal determinants and diffusion model, this study uses a sequential explanatory mixed methods research design to explore (1) the extent to which 101 cities in 9 counties in a geographically and economically diverse metropolitan area have adopted aging-friendly policies, programs, and infrastructure changes in the areas of community design, housing, transportation, health care and supportive services, and opportunities for community engagement, and (2) the diffusion factors, community characteristics, and government characteristics associated with such adoption.;The researcher collected and analyzed quantitative and qualitative data from four types of respondents: city planners/community development directors, directors of county adult and aging services, county transportation authority employees, and public transit officials. In the quantitative phase, the researcher combined primary data collected via online surveys with secondary data from the 2000 U.S. Census and the 2000 California Cities Annual Report. In the qualitative phase, a subsample of 18 survey respondents participated in open-ended telephone interviews to provide a more in-depth understanding of the process of the adoption of aging-friendly innovations and expand on the quantitative findings.;For the first research question, the most common aging-friendly innovations adopted by local governments include those that target alternative forms of mobility, including incentives for mixed use neighborhoods, infrastructure changes to improve walkability, discounted public transportation fares, and changes to improve accessibility of public transit. The least common policies and programs are those that aim to help older adults continue driving and those that provide incentives to develop accessible new housing for older adults. For the second research question, bivariate analyses of city-level data provide partial support for an internal determinants and diffusion model. Cities with a larger total population, larger percent of the population with a disability, and have experienced public pressure or individual advocacy for aging-friendly innovations adopted more aging-friendly policies, programs, and infrastructure changes. Contrary to hypotheses, cities with higher population educational attainment, higher median household income, and a larger proportion of the population age 65 and older adopted fewer aging-friendly innovations. Qualitative interviews offered potential explanations for these results. First, disability groups may be more active than older adults in terms of advocating for the adoption of certain aging-friendly innovations, such as accessible housing and walkable neighborhoods. Second, communities whose population enjoys a higher socioeconomic status may not perceive a strong role for local government in terms of creating more aging-friendly communities, and these residents may get their needs met through nongovernmental sources. Third, while there was no significant association between per capita government spending and the adoption of aging-friendly innovations, interviews suggest that funding plays an important role, and perhaps grant funding, slack resources, and recent increases or decreases in local government financial resources are a better measure of this factor. Finally, qualitative interviews indicate that future studies should explore additional factors, including communication, collaboration, and state and federal mandates.;The findings of this study suggest research and practice implications that should be further explored in future research. First, the results and limitations of this research suggest that it should be replicated to determine whether the findings explain local government adoption of aging-friendly innovations in general or are specific to the population and methods used in this study. This replication should not only expand the sample size and explore the generalizability of findings to other geographic regions, but use a modified internal determinants and diffusion model that takes into account findings of the present study. Second, results offer a number of strategies that residents, advocates, service providers, and policymakers could employ in their efforts to create more aging-friendly communities. These strategies include mobilizing public support of and pressure for aging-friendly innovations, targeting advocacy efforts at individuals working within government who could become policy entrepreneurs, and working towards vertical diffusion of innovations via state and federal mandates and funding. Finally, results hint at additional lines of inquiry that should be pursued as part of a larger aging-friendly communities research agenda. First, what exactly is an aging-friendly innovation or an aging-friendly community? Second, how can communities change their physical and social environment in such a way that the needs and wants of older residents do not impede those of other residents? Finally, and perhaps most importantly, what impact do these policies, programs, and infrastructure changes on the health and well-being of older adults and their ability to age in place? (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
机译：老龄化友好社区具有三个特征：（1）个人可以继续追求并享受兴趣和活动；（2）提供支持，使功能障碍者仍然可以满足其基本健康和社会需求；（3）老年人可以开发实现和参与的新资源（Lehning，Chun和Scharlach，2007年）。在内部决定因素和扩散模型的框架下，本研究使用顺序解释混合方法研究设计来探索（1）在地理和经济上各不相同的大都市区的9个县中的101个城市在多大程度上采用了友好老龄化的政策，计划，社区设计，住房，交通，卫生保健和支持服务领域的基础设施变化以及社区参与的机会，以及（2）与采用这种方式相关的扩散因素，社区特征和政府特征。分析了来自四种类型的受访者的定量和定性数据：城市规划师/社区发展主管，县成人和老龄服务部门主管，县交通管理局雇员和公共交通官员。在量化阶段，研究人员将通过在线调查收集的主要数据与2000年美国人口普查和2000年加利福尼亚城市年度报告中的次要数据结合在一起。在定性阶段，由18名受访者组成的子样本参加了不限成员名额的电话采访，以更深入地了解采用老化友好型创新的过程并扩大定量结果。 ，地方政府采用的最常见的“老龄化友好型”创新包括针对替代性出行方式的创新，包括对混合用途社区的激励措施，为改善步行性而进行的基础设施变更，折扣的公共交通票价以及为改善公共交通的可及性而进行的变更。最不常见的政策和计划是那些旨在帮助老年人继续驾驶的政策和计划，以及那些旨在为老年人开发无障碍新住房的激励措施。对于第二个研究问题，城市水平数据的双变量分析为内部决定因素和扩散模型提供了部分支持。总人口较多，残障人口比例较高且经历过公众压力或倡导衰老友好型创新的城市，采用了更友好的衰老政策，计划和基础设施变更。与假设相反的是，人口教育程度较高，家庭中位数收入较高且65岁及65岁以上人口比例较高的城市采用的衰老友好型创新较少。定性访谈为这些结果提供了可能的解释。首先，就倡导采用某些有利于衰老的创新，例如无障碍住房和步行街区，残疾群体可能比老年人更活跃。第二，人口的社会经济地位较高的社区可能无法在建立更多的老龄化社区方面对地方政府发挥重要作用，这些居民可能通过非政府来源满足其需求。第三，虽然人均政府支出与采用老化友好型创新之间没有显着关联，但访谈表明，资金发挥了重要作用，也许是拨款，闲置资源以及​​最近地方政府财政资源的增加或减少更好地衡量这一因素。最后，定性访谈表明，未来的研究应探索其他因素，包括沟通，合作以及州和联邦的授权。本研究的结果表明研究和实践意义，应在未来的研究中进一步探索。首先，这项研究的结果和局限性表明，应该重复进行研究，以确定研究结果是解释地方政府对衰老友好型创新技术的普遍应用，还是特定于本研究使用的人群和方法。这种复制不仅应扩大样本量并探索发现结果可推广到其他地理区域，而且应使用考虑到本研究发现的改进的内部决定因素和扩散模型。其次，结果提供了居民，拥护者，服务提供者和政策制定者可以使用的许多策略，以创建更多对衰老友好的社区。这些战略包括动员公众支持和鼓励老龄化友好型创新，对在政府内部工作的可能成为政策企业家的个人进行宣传，并通过州和联邦的授权和资金努力实现创新的垂直传播。最后，结果暗示着应进行更多的询问，这是较大的对衰老友好的社区研究议程的一部分。首先，什么是衰老友好型创新或衰老友好型社区？第二，社区如何以不影响老年人的需求和方式改变其自然和社会环境的方式？最后，也许是最重要的一点是，这些政策，计划和基础设施的变化对老年人的健康和福祉以及他们的老龄化能力有何影响？ （摘要由UMI缩短。）

著录项

  • 作者

    Lehning, Amanda J.;

  • 作者单位

    University of California, Berkeley.;

  • 授予单位 University of California, Berkeley.;
  • 学科 Gerontology.;Sociology Public and Social Welfare.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2010
  • 页码 133 p.
  • 总页数 133
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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