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Pre-Columbian fire patterns and human occupations in Western Amazonia: Testing the cultural parkland hypothesis.

机译：西亚马孙地区的前哥伦布时期火势与人类职业：检验文化公园的假说。

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摘要

The idea of pre-Columbian Amazonia as a "cultural parkland" or "modified landscape" (hereafter referred to as the cultural parkland hypothesis) is becoming widely accepted within the archaeological community, and posits that large human populations had transformative influences and long-lasting impacts on the entire Amazonian landscape.;Through soil charcoal and phytolith analysis, I tested the predictions of the cultural parkland hypothesis. As subsidiary questions I analyzed the sphere of influence around known settlement sites to obtain a measure of the ubiquity of human disturbance. Replicable methods of soil collection and charcoal analyses are presented, and were used to statistically compare spatial and temporal aspects of fire history that for the most part have previously been descriptive in nature. I also modeled how preferred settlement sites, such as those in riverine forests and in the driest Amazonian rainforests, affected the probability of finding evidence of past fire. Also included is a test of whether large bamboo patches in western Amazonia are remnants of pre-Columbian settlements. The 14C dates obtained through all of these studies were also cumulatively analyzed to provide a comprehensive characterization of fire ages in western Amazonia, and these were then contrasted with previously published fire ages from eastern Amazonia.;The results of my research illustrated that much of western Amazonia was not cultural parkland, or a highly modified landscape. While evidence of historical fire was present in most locations, human impacts were heterogeneous and localized. Comparisons of soil and lake-sediment charcoal revealed that localized pockets of human disturbance occurred, generally, within 5 km of the lake edge, and that lake sediment records containing evidence of humans could not be assumed to have resulted from uniform or widespread forest clearing. Soil surveys indicated that human impacts were concentrated in preferable habitation areas, on river bluffs, or were concentrated in localities containing the highest resource abundances. My work documented that the highest human impacts occurred in the eastern-most forests of western Amazonia, which have a stronger dry season than those in the western-most forests, and in forests that were close to the major Amazonian rivers. My research has also provided evidence that the large bamboo forests within western Amazonia were not remnants of pre-Columbian forest clearing, and were often not associated with any historical fire. Instead, the bamboo forests appear to be an ancient biome within Amazonia, which established before humans or fires appeared in the landscape. The 14C dates obtained through my research also revealed that the timing of historical fires in western Amazonia was considerably different than the trajectory of previously published fire histories from eastern Amazonia. Although fires from both areas are linked to human activity, the timing of these fires may also reflect historical droughts.;In light of my findings, several conclusions by prior researchers who have assumed all of Amazonian forests were cultural parklands are in need of reassessment. Pre-Columbian anthropogenic activity has been implicated as a major factor in structuring biodiversity patterns and influencing global carbon budgets. Pre-Columbian human disturbances in western Amazonia were most likely not sufficient to structure the hyper-diverse flora and fauna of Amazonian forests, or affect global CO2 levels. Therefore, the assumed forest resiliency underlying the cultural parkland hypothesis is unwarranted because many of the forests have experienced little to no historical disturbances, at least over the over the last few millennia. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).
机译：前哥伦布时期的亚马逊地区被称为“文化公园”或“景观改造”（以下简称为文化公园假说）的想法在考古界已被广泛接受，并假设大量人口具有变革性影响并且长期存在对整个亚马逊地区景观的影响。；通过土壤木炭和植石层分析，我检验了文化绿地假说的预测。作为辅助问题，我分析了已知定居点周围的势力范围，以衡量人为干扰的普遍性。提出了土壤收集和木炭分析的可替代方法，并用于统计比较火灾历史的时空方面，而火灾历史在很大程度上以前是描述性的。我还模拟了首选的定居点（例如河流森林和最干旱的亚马逊雨林中的定居点）如何影响找到过往火灾证据的可能性。还包括一项测试，以检验亚马逊河西部的大片竹片是否为哥伦布时期前定居点的残余物。还对通过所有这些研究获得的14C日期进行了累积分析，以全面表征亚马逊河西部的火灾年龄，然后将其与先前发布的亚马逊东部的火灾年龄进行对比。亚马孙不是文化公园，也不是高度改造的景观。尽管大多数地方都有历史性大火的证据，但人类的影响却是异质的和局部的。对土壤木炭和湖底沉积物木炭的比较表明，通常在距湖边5公里之内发生了局部人为干扰区域，不能认为包含人类证据的湖底沉积物记录是由统一或广泛的森林砍伐造成的。土壤调查表明，人类影响主要集中在较好的居住区，河道断崖上，或集中在资源丰富度最高的地区。我的工作表明，对人类影响最大的地区是西部亚马逊河最东端的森林，该地区的干旱季节比最西部森林和靠近主要亚马逊河的森林要强。我的研究还提供了证据，表明亚马逊河西部的大型竹林不是哥伦布时期前森林砍伐的残余，并且通常与任何历史大火无关。取而代之的是，竹林似乎是亚马孙地区的一个古老生物群落，在人类或大火出现在景观之前就已建立。通过我的研究获得的14C日期还显示，西部亚马逊地区发生大火的时间与先前发布的东部亚马逊地区大火历史的轨迹大不相同。尽管两个地区的火灾都与人类活动有关，但这些火灾的发生时间也可能反映了历史干旱。根据我的发现，以前的研究人员认为亚马逊河的全部森林都是文化公园，因此有一些结论需要重新评估。哥伦比亚前人类活动被认为是构造生物多样性模式和影响全球碳预算的主要因素。西部亚马逊地区的前哥伦布时期人为干扰很可能不足以构成亚马逊森林的动植物多样性或影响全球二氧化碳水平。因此，假设至少在过去的几千年中，许多森林几乎没有经历过历史性扰动，甚至没有过历史性扰动，因此，对于文化稀树草原假说所假设的森林弹性没有必要。 （摘要由UMI缩短。）。

著录项

  • 作者

    McMichael, Crystal Harper.;

  • 作者单位

    Florida Institute of Technology.;

  • 授予单位 Florida Institute of Technology.;
  • 学科 Paleoecology.;Archaeology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2012
  • 页码 215 p.
  • 总页数 215
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 农学（农艺学）;
  • 关键词

  • 入库时间 2022-08-17 11:43:12

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