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9/11 as a television news story: A media effects ethnography.

机译：9/11作为电视新闻报道：媒体影响民族志。

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摘要

Americans experienced terror through media and were forced to construct a new social reality on 9/11/01. American television journalists framed the story first as breaking news: a plane crash at the World Trade Center. TV journalists later assumed an ethnocentric perspective as the frames of the story shifted to a national crisis involving coordinated attacks against American symbols and civilians. Journalists framed the attacks an act of war, paving the way for the president to declare wars against terrorism, Afghanistan and Iraq. Media led the discourse in the initial construction of the new social reality.; The study asked three research questions. The first question involved the television story of 9/11. Journalists seized upon 9/11 as the biggest story in the history of television news. News producers replayed the frightening video almost continuously. Journalists used themes of fear, death, revenge and war. TV journalists served two masters that day: the huge global audience that tuned in to watch the ongoing coverage, and terrorists whose acts were multiplied in power by the media.; The second research question involved how people used media on 9/11. People watched TV for many hours to make sense and reduce uncertainty about their own security and the welfare of the nation. A small number of people listened to the radio for news. Others expressed frustration over being unable to access the Internet on that day, due to extremely heavy Internet traffic. People also used the media to get answers to personal questions, such as the status of loved ones in New York, Washington, D.C. and the military. Media dependency produced a communal ritual, as people gathered with friends and family to watch, and discuss, the news coverage.; The third research question looked at the media effects of 9/11. Viewers reported experiencing powerful effects, including intense feelings of shock, fear, grief, anger and confusion. Arab-Americans reported fears of retribution. College students felt a new sense of identity and patriotism, along with a political awakening. Many were concerned with war. Racusn across America and Europe increased. Military actions ordered by President George W. Bush in retaliation for the attacks received bipartisan support initially but that support eroded over time as the memories of 9/11 began to fade. However, 9/11 remained the dominant theme three years later as Bush campaigned for re-election.; A critical review of media responsibility on 9/11 concluded that news coverage worsened the effects on viewers by showing the plane crashes and WTC collapse nonstop until they realized the audience was saturated. Nevertheless, viewers gave the media high marks for their performance under pressure, and for rallying the nation. Trade journals praised journalists, but academics were highly critical, blaming the media for fueling the march to war. News media became propaganda organs rather than watchdogs. In conclusion, 9/11 produced extremely powerful media effects that led to construction of a new social reality.
机译：美国人通过媒体经历了恐怖，并被迫在9/11/11建立一个新的社会现实。美国电视记者首先将这个故事定为突发新闻：世界贸易中心的一次飞机失事。随后，电视新闻工作者以民族为本的视角，将故事的框架转移到一场涉及对美国象征和平民的协同攻击的全国危机中。记者将袭击定为战争行为，为总统宣布对恐怖主义，阿富汗和伊拉克发动战争铺平了道路。在新的社会现实的最初建构中，媒体主导了讨论。该研究提出了三个研究问题。第一个问题涉及9/11的电视故事。记者将9/11视为电视新闻史上最大的新闻。新闻制作人几乎连续地播放了这部令人恐惧的视频。记者以恐惧，死亡，复仇和战争为主题。那天，电视新闻工作者担任了两位主人：一个是收看全球新闻的庞大的全球观众，另一个是被媒体加倍权势的恐怖分子。第二个研究问题涉及人们如何在9/11上使用媒体。人们看电视很多小时才有意义，并减少了对其自身安全和国家福利的不确定性。少数人收听广播新闻。其他人对由于当天互联网流量非常大而无法访问互联网感到沮丧。人们还使用媒体获取个人问题的答案，例如纽约，华盛顿特区和军队中亲人的身份。当人们与朋友和家人聚集在一起观看和讨论新闻报道时，对媒体的依赖产生了一种共同的仪式。第三个研究问题着眼于9/11的媒体效应。观众报告说正在经历强大的影响，包括强烈的震惊，恐惧，悲伤，愤怒和困惑的感觉。阿拉伯裔美国人担心会受到报复。大学生感受到了一种新的认同感和爱国主义意识，同时也感受到了政治上的觉醒。许多人担心战争。遍及美洲和欧洲的Racusn有所增加。乔治·W·布什总统为了报复袭击而下令采取的军事行动最初得到了两党的支持，但是随着9/11记忆的淡化，这种支持随着时间的流逝而逐渐消失。但是，三年后，随着布什竞选连任，9/11仍然是主要主题。对9/11媒体责任的严格审查得出的结论是，新闻报道不断展示飞机失事和WTC倒塌，直到他们意识到观众已经饱和，从而加剧了对观众的影响。尽管如此，观众在压力下的表现以及对国家的凝聚力还是给了媒体很高的评价。贸易杂志赞扬了新闻工作者，但学术界人士高度批评，指责媒体助长了战争的进行。新闻媒体成为宣传机构，而不是监督机构。总之，9/11产生了极为强大的媒体效应，从而导致了新的社会现实的建构。

著录项

  • 作者

    Lewis, Michael A.;

  • 作者单位

    Wayne State University.;

  • 授予单位 Wayne State University.;
  • 学科 Journalism.; Sociology General.; Mass Communications.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2004
  • 页码 204 p.
  • 总页数 204
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 新闻学、新闻事业;社会学;传播理论;
  • 关键词

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