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首页> 外文学位 >Survey of water quality in northern Malawi, Africa, and communication of human health risk.
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Survey of water quality in northern Malawi, Africa, and communication of human health risk.

机译：非洲马拉维北部水质调查，以及对人类健康风险的通报。

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摘要

Throughout Malawi, governmental, non-governmental, religious and civic organizations are targeting the human need for water. Diarrheal diseases, often associated with unsafe drinking water, are a leading cause of mortality in children under five in Malawi, with over 6,000 children dying per year (World Health Organization, 2010). A lack of risk communication in Southern Africa may be a factor leading to high rates of diarrheal disease from waterborne contamination. From January to March 2012, a field study was undertaken in Malawi to study water quality and develop a public health risk communication strategy. The region studied, Area 1B, represents a comparatively new peri-urban area on the edge of Mzuzu city. Groundwater samples were collected from 30 shallow dug well sites and analyzed for nitrate, total coliform, Escherichia coli, total hardness, total alkalinity and pH. Total coliform and E. coli were also analyzed in 30 drinking water samples collected from a storage container located in households using the monitored well waters. In addition to water quality analyses, a structured household questionnaire was administered by interpreters to adult residents of 51 households, encompassing 284 individuals, who were using the monitored wells. The questionnaire included sections addressing water sources, sanitation, health, consumption patterns, and socioeconomics. A risk communication program utilized the water quality data and human dimension questionnaire results to develop a household risk presentation. Results showed 67% of groundwater and 50% of household drinking water samples would be considered of unacceptable quality based on World Health Organization (WHO) standards for E. coli contamination. Low levels of nitrate were found in groundwater, but only one well exceeded WHO standards. The resident-reported high diarrheal rate among children under the age of five was not associated with sources of drinking water and/or presence or absence of treatment methods. E. coli contamination in drinking water could be the result of a combination of storing drinking water, contamination arising from poor sanitation practices, and local risk perceptions.
机译：在整个马拉维，政府，非政府，宗教和公民组织的目标是人类对水的需求。腹泻病通常与不安全的饮用水有关，是马拉维5岁以下儿童死亡的主要原因，每年有6,000多名儿童死亡（世界卫生组织，2010年）。南部非洲缺乏风险交流可能是水源性污染导致腹泻病高发的原因。 2012年1月至2012年3月，在马拉维进行了实地研究，以研究水质并制定公共卫生风险交流策略。所研究的区域1B代表着姆祖祖（Mzuzu）市边缘的一个相对较新的近郊区域。从30个浅挖井中收集地下水样品，并分析硝酸盐，总大肠菌群，大肠杆菌，总硬度，总碱度和pH。还使用监测的井水分析了从位于家庭中一个储藏容器中收集的30个饮用水样品中的总大肠菌群和大肠杆菌。除水质分析外，口译员还对51个家庭的成年居民（包括284个人）进行了结构化的家庭问卷调查，这些居民正在使用监测井。问卷包括涉及水源，环境卫生，健康，消费模式和社会经济学的部分。风险沟通程序利用水质数据和人为因素调查表结果来制定家庭风险表述。结果显示，根据世界卫生组织（WHO）的大肠杆菌污染标准，将67％的地下水和50％的家庭饮用水样品的质量视为不可接受。地下水中硝酸盐含量低，但只有一口水超出了WHO的标准。居民报告的五岁以下儿童腹泻率高与饮用水来源和/或是否存在治疗方法无关。饮用水中的大肠杆菌污染可能是储存饮用水，不良的卫生习惯引起的污染以及当地风险意识的综合结果。

著录项

  • 作者

    Holm, Rochelle Hales.;

  • 作者单位

    Washington State University.;

  • 授予单位 Washington State University.;
  • 学科 Environmental science.;Public health.;South African studies.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2012
  • 页码 411 p.
  • 总页数 411
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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