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Running for dollars: An economic and social history of track and field in the United States, 1820--2000

机译：力争美元：美国田径运动的经济和社会历史，1820--2000年

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摘要

This dissertation examines the history of track and field in the United States from 1820 to 2000. It focuses on the creation of the institutions that governed track and field and the relationship of these institutions with track athletes. It analyzes how the relationship between the athletes and the governing institutions changed and what impact the athletes had on the governing of their sport. The economic structure and labor relations in track are of particular concern throughout.;Track was transformed from a popular professional spectator sport between the 1820s and the 1880s into a formally amateur sport by the 1890s. Amateurism remained resilient in track for the ensuing hundred years based on the support of socially elite amateur clubs and the Olympic movement. Amateurism received further support from the U.S. government, which, by the 1950s, had developed an ideology that pure athletics should be amateur, voluntary, and independent of government in capitalist democracies.;Between the 1970s and 1990s, track cast aside its strict amateur regulations and the sport was re-professionalized. How and why these changes occurred is a primary question answered by this dissertation. It argues that the governing bodies in track cast the amateur regulations because of the athletes' activism and opposition to the rules. Beginning in the 1950s, the balance of power between track athletes and the governing bodies changed. The importance of Cold War athletic victories initiated this process. A large increase in the economic opportunities for track athletes, financed primarily by the growth of shoe and apparel companies like Nike, altered the balance of power between the athletes and the governing bodies. This dissertation argues that explanations of the transformation of track from an amateur to a professional sport focused on leadership changes in the International Olympic Committee are incorrect. Track athletes forced the governing bodies to abandon the amateur rules and in the process remade labor relations in track.
机译：本文考察了1820年至2000年美国田径运动的历史。它着重研究了管理田径运动的机构以及这些机构与田径运动员之间的关系。它分析了运动员与管理机构之间的关系是如何变化的，以及运动员对其运动的管理产生了什么影响。赛道的经济结构和劳资关系始终是特别值得关注的。赛道已从1820年代和1880年代之间的一种流行的专业观众运动转变为1890年代的一种正式的业余运动。在随后的一百年里，基于社会精英业余俱乐部和奥林匹克运动的支持，业余精神在轨道上仍然保持弹性。业余主义得到了美国政府的进一步支持，到1950年代，美国政府已经发展出一种意识形态，即纯竞技应该是业余的，自愿的，并且在资本主义民主国家中应独立于政府。在1970年代和1990年代之间，抛弃了严格的业余法规。这项运动被重新专业化了。这些变化是如何发生的以及为什么发生的是本论文回答的主要问题。它认为，由于运动员的积极性和对规则的反对，赛道上的管理机构采用了业余规则。从1950年代开始，田径运动员与领导机构之间的力量平衡发生了变化。冷战运动胜利的重要性引发了这一过程。田径运动员的经济机会大量增加，这主要得益于耐克等鞋类和服装公司的增长，这改变了运动员与理事机构之间的力量平衡。本文认为，关于国际田径委员会从领导者转变为业余运动的业余运动向职业运动转变的解释是错误的。田径运动员迫使理事机构放弃业余规则，并在此过程中重塑了田径劳动关系。

著录项

  • 作者

    Turrini, Joseph M.;

  • 作者单位

    Wayne State University.;

  • 授予单位 Wayne State University.;
  • 学科 American history.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2004
  • 页码 453 p.
  • 总页数 453
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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