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Life underground in the North American Miocene: Interpretive analysis of mammalian burrows.

机译：北美中新世地下生命：对哺乳动物洞穴的解释性分析。

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摘要

This study aims to broaden the scope of ichnology by incorporating the analysis of mammalian burrows. I use information on modern subterranean habitats, the vertebrates inhabiting them, their digging strategies, and their burrows to interpret burrow morphology and vertebrate ethology in the fossil record. Casts of the tunnels of modern North American moles (Scalopus aquaticus ) demonstrate how the burrow of an organism reflects body size, body shape, and digging movements. Forelimb morphology and digging motions of moles compare with traces on the tunnel casts, providing an interpretive model for burrows of extinct mammals. Vertebrate burrows occur abundantly in paleosols in the Harrison Formation of the Nebraska Miocene, a unit of aeolian sandstone rich in volcanic glass. Daemonelix burrows of the smallest palaeocastorin beaver, Pseudopalaeocastor barbouri, are described, in relation to previously described burrows of larger species. Small (c. 6 cm diameter), sinuous burrows showing rodent incisor marks and claw marks occur within the same beds and are attributed to Gregorymys sp., a gopher-like rodent. The abrasive texture of the glass-rich sand may have necessitated incisor-digging. Extensive, anastomosing back-filled traces (8 cm diameter) occur in the root horizon among abundant insect burrows, and may indicate foraging of an insectivorous vertebrate. The late Miocene Pawnee Creek Formation of northeastern Colorado contains burrows of c. 11 cm diameter, which are similar to modern subterranean rodent burrows and are covered with claw marks. Morphology of claw marks matches foreclaws of the mylaglaulid rodent P. laevis. Mylagaulids originally were reconstructed with medially facing mani and "terrier-style" digging motions. Re-examination of P. laevis shows that mylagaulids had semi-sprawling stance, and could rotate the forelimb for postero-laterally directed power strokes. The burrows in the Pawnee Creek Formation may thus be the first record of mylagaulid digging ethology. Mylagaulids also may have been head-lift diggers, as implied by paired bosses on the nasals as a possible adaptation to resist force against the rostrum, and may be the primitive condition for later-evolving paired horns. Mammalian ichnofossils such as these enable better understanding of subterranean biodiversity on the Miocene plains, and provide a reference for future studies in vertebrate ichnology.
机译：这项研究旨在通过结合对哺乳动物洞穴的分析来扩大鱼类学的范围。我使用有关现代地下栖息地，栖息地的脊椎动物，它们的挖掘策略以及它们的洞穴的信息来解释化石记录中的洞穴形态和脊椎动物的行为学。现代北美痣（Scalopus aquaticus）隧道的铸件展示了有机体的洞穴如何反映出身体大小，身体形状和挖掘运动。前肢形态和痣的挖掘运动与隧道石膏上的痕迹相比，为灭绝的哺乳动物的洞穴提供了解释模型。内布拉斯加州中新世哈里森组的古土壤中大量分布着脊椎动物的洞穴，这是一个富含火山玻璃的风沙岩单元。相对于先前描述的较大物种的洞穴，描述了最小的古castorin海狸，Pseudopalaeocastor barbouri的Daemonelix洞穴。小（直径约6厘米）弯曲的洞穴在同一床内出现啮齿动物的门齿痕和爪痕，归因于地鼠类啮齿动物Gregorymys sp.。富含玻璃的沙子的磨料质地可能需要切牙。大量昆虫洞穴的根部水平出现大量吻合的回填痕迹（直径8厘米），可能表明食虫脊椎动物正在觅食。科罗拉多州东北部的中新世波尼溪地层中含有c的洞穴。直径11厘米，类似于现代地下啮齿类动物的洞穴，并覆盖有羊角痕迹。爪痕的形态与Mylaglaulid啮齿动物P. laevis的前爪相匹配。最初用面向内侧的玛尼和“梗犬式”挖掘动作重建了迈拉高利德。对P. laevis的重新检查显示，mylagaulids具有半张开的姿势，并且可以旋转前肢进行后外侧定向的中风。因此，波尼溪地层的洞穴可能是米拉高利德挖掘人类学的第一记录。 Mylagaulids也可能是抬头挖土机，如成对的凸鼻在鼻子上暗示的那样，可能是抵抗力抵御讲台的一种可能，可能是后来进化成对的角的原始条件。这样的哺乳动物鱼类化石能够更好地了解中新世平原上的地下生物多样性，并为以后的脊椎动物鱼类学研究提供参考。

著录项

  • 作者

    Gobetz, Katrina Elizabeth.;

  • 作者单位

    The University of Kansas.;

  • 授予单位 The University of Kansas.;
  • 学科 Paleontology.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2004
  • 页码 210 p.
  • 总页数 210
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 古生物学;
  • 关键词

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