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Iron and the Bloody Shirt: Leadership in the West Virginia Republican Party 1872--1896.

机译：铁和血腥衬衫：西弗吉尼亚共和党的领导力1872--1896。

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摘要

The electoral upheavals of 1894 and 1896 resulting in Republican Party dominance within West Virginia and around the nation were not just a sudden occurrence. They resulted, in part, because voters in key border states shifted their votes from the Democratic to the Republican Party. West Virginia's Republican Party had the greatest success in maintaining its long term influence after 1896 despite the fact that since 1872 it enjoyed little success. To build up to triumph in 1896 took a quarter century of painstaking work that started after electoral disaster in 1870. That election, the first since West Virginia removed restrictions on former Confederates, brought Democrats into a position of dominance. This dissertation tells the story of how West Virginia's Republicans rebuilt their party between 1872 and 1896.;Nathan Goff, a Union Army major during the Civil War, used the same methods as other party authorities around the country. He used his talent for public speaking and access to federal patronage to mobilize and reward the faithful as much as possible. State Republican newspapers battled their Democratic counterparts in conflicts over not only issues of the day, but also anger over measures taken during the Civil War. Goff's work helped to restore a working party organization in the 1870s, but did not put West Virginia Republicans into a position to return to competitiveness, much less power. Money, manpower, and organization do not ensure success without a relevant message.;The Republican Party across the country started to fashion a more appealing vision after the difficult Grant and Hayes Administrations. They advocated sound money and a protective tariff as cornerstones of national prosperity more often during the 1880s. Goff emerged as a national spokesman for protectionism at the same time as the Second Industrial Revolution started strongly transforming West Virginia's economy. However, national economic conditions in this decade did not result in massive movement towards the Republican cause. Instead, the country experienced partisan deadlock. West Virginia Republicans made gains during this decade. In 1888, Goff came very close to capturing the office of governor. The Democratic legislature successfully counted out enough votes to seat the Democratic nominee, but the results demonstrated a shift in party power.;Goff would not be able to take West Virginia Republicans to their eventual triumph. The year 1888 also saw Goff unseated as party chief by the nationally known Stephen Benton Elkins. Elkins built up a fortune in land speculation, railroads, and other ventures. Along the way, he married the daughter of former Senator Henry Gassaway Davis, a prominent West Virginia Democrat and industrialist. Elkins brought a new kind of leadership style to West Virginia Republican politics. He concentrated on building a stronger and more effective party organization more than relying on personal appeal in speeches and debates. Elkins was exceptionally good at keeping divisive issues and potentially conflicting personalities from interfering with party goals.;The economic crisis that gripped the nation during the election year of 1894, a time of plummeting production and employment figures, made the Republican economic vision more appealing to voters. Grover Cleveland and his party did not seem to have the answers to the problems that many faced. West Virginia's Republican organization built by Elkins was able to take full advantage of the national party campaigns. They did not simply convince West Virginians to vote for Republican candidates, but to trust the party to direct state affairs for the next generation. This dissertation helps to put West Virginia's Republican Party experience into a national perspective while also explaining why the state shifted into the GOP column so strongly after 1896. Leadership, message, and the choices made by voters all play into this dramatic political shift.
机译：1894年和1896年的选举动荡导致共和党在西维吉尼亚州及全国范围内占据统治地位，这不仅仅是突然发生的。造成这种情况的部分原因是，主要边境国家的选民将选票从民主党转移到了共和党。西弗吉尼亚州的共和党在保持1896年以后的长期影响力方面取得了最大的成功，尽管自1872年以来它取得的成功很少。为了在1896年取得胜利，历经了四分之一个世纪的艰苦工作，这项工作始于1870年的选举灾难。该选举是西弗吉尼亚州取消对前同盟者的限制以来的第一次选举，使民主党人占据了统治地位。这篇论文讲述了西弗吉尼亚州的共和党人如何在1872年至1896年间重建自己的政党的故事；内战期间联盟军少校内森·高夫（Nathan Goff）使用了与全国其他政党当局相同的方法。他利用自己的才干进行公开演讲并获得联邦的支持，以尽可能地动员和奖励忠实的信徒。州共和党的报纸不仅在当天的问题上与民主党同行发生冲突，而且对内战期间采取的措施感到愤怒。戈夫的工作帮助恢复了1870年代的工作组组织，但并未使西弗吉尼亚共和党人重新恢复竞争力，更不用说权力了。没有相关信息，金钱，人力和组织就无法确保成功。在困难的格兰特（Grant）和海斯（Hayes）政权艰难之后，全国的共和党开始树立更具吸引力的愿景。他们主张在1880年代更多地采用稳健的货币和保护性关税作为国家繁荣的基石。在第二次工业革命开始极大地改变西弗吉尼亚州的经济的同时，戈夫（Goff）成为保护主义国家的代言人。但是，这十年来的国民经济状况并未导致向共和党事业的大规模运动。相反，该国经历了党派僵局。西弗吉尼亚共和党人在这十年中取得了进步。 1888年，高夫（Goff）几乎接任州长一职。民主党立法机关成功地算出了足够的选票，可以让民主党提名人当选，但结果证明了党内权力的转移。高夫将无法使西弗吉尼亚共和党人最终获得胜利。 1888年，举世闻名的史蒂芬·本顿·埃尔金斯（Stephen Benton Elkins）取代了戈夫（Goff）担任党魁。埃尔金斯（Elkins）在土地投机，铁路和其他事业中积累了财富。一路上，他与前参议员亨利·加萨维·戴维斯（Henry Gassaway Davis）的女儿结婚，后者是西弗吉尼亚州著名的民主党人和实业家。埃尔金斯（Elkins）为西弗吉尼亚共和党政治带来了一种新型的领导风格。他专注于建立一个更强大，更有效的党组织，而不仅仅是在演讲和辩论中依靠个人魅力。埃尔金斯非常擅长于防止分歧和潜在的矛盾人物干扰政党目标。; 1894年选举年（当时生产和就业数字骤降的时期）席卷美国的经济危机使共和党的经济愿景更具吸引力选民。格罗弗·克利夫兰和他的政党似乎并没有解决许多人所面临的问题。埃尔金斯（Elkins）建立的西弗吉尼亚州共和党组织能够充分利用全国党派运动的优势。他们不仅说服西维吉尼亚人投票支持共和党候选人，而且还相信该党将指导下一代的国家事务。这篇论文有助于将西弗吉尼亚州的共和党的经验纳入全国视野，同时也解释了为什么州在1896年之后如此强烈地进入共和党专栏。领导力，信息和选民的选择全都参与了这种戏剧性的政治转变。

著录项

  • 作者

    Smoot, Stephen A.;

  • 作者单位

    West Virginia University.;

  • 授予单位 West Virginia University.;
  • 学科 American Studies.;History United States.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2011
  • 页码 234 p.
  • 总页数 234
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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