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Effects of the Invasive Pacific Red Lionfish Pterois volitans on Native Atlantic Coral-reef Fish Communities.

机译：入侵太平洋红Pacific鱼Pterois volitans对本地大西洋珊瑚礁鱼群落的影响。

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摘要

Predatory lionfishes (Pterois volitans and P. miles) were introduced to Florida waters during the mid to late 1980s, and eventually established self-sustaining breeding populations in the tropical western Atlantic. These invasive species are now widespread along the southeastern seaboard of the United States, across the Caribbean Sea, and in the Gulf of Mexico. In these regions, lionfish reach larger maximum sizes and higher abundances than they do in their native Pacific, suggesting that they have undergone ecological release. Invaded marine communities have thus far provided little if any biotic resistance.;Lionfish are generalist predators with high consumption rates, inhabit a broad range of habitats, are defended from predation by venomous spines, and are capable of long-range larval dispersal. It is possible that lionfish have direct effects on native communities, through consumption of native fishes and competition with native predators, as well as indirect effects, such as overconsumption of herbivorous fishes that prevent seaweeds from outcompeting reef-building corals. There is also serious concern that invasive lionfish could act additively, or even synergistically, with existing stressors of coral-reef systems, such as overfishing and ocean warming, resulting in substantial negative consequences for native ecosystems and economically valuable fisheries.;The primary goal of this dissertation was to conduct a set of controlled, replicated field experiments to rigorously examine and measure the effects of lionfish on native reef-fish communities across a range of spatial and temporal scales. In the first experiment (Chapter 2), the net recruitment of native fishes to twenty small patch reefs was compared in the presence (n = 10) and absence (n = 10) of lionfish. This study demonstrated that lionfish reduced net recruitment, or change in abundance of small native fishes, by an average (+/- SEM) of 78.9 +/- 32.2 % over 5 weeks, affecting 23 of 38 species recruiting to reefs in both treatments. In a second experiment (Chapter 4), I examined the effects of lionfish on patch-reef communities of small native fishes relative to, and in combination with, those of a similarly sized native predator, the coney grouper (Cephalopholis fulva). Four different predator treatments were established by transplanting predators (n = 5 reefs each). Treatments included a single small invasive lionfish, a single small native grouper, a grouper and a lionfish together, and predator-free controls. Compared to controls, invasive lionfish caused reductions (mean +/- SEM) in abundance (93.7 +/- 17.8 %) and species richness (4.6 +/- 1.6 species) of small native fishes. The negative effect of lionfish on abundance was 2.6 +/- 0.5 times stronger than that of the native grouper. The greatest negative effects on abundance, species richness, evenness, and diversity of native fishes occurred when both lionfish and native grouper were present. Additionally, lionfish grew more than six times faster in both length and mass than did native grouper. A third experiment (Chapter 6) assessed the effects of lionfish on native reef-fish communities at spatial and temporal scales directly relevant to management and conservation efforts. Subsequent to baseline surveys, high- and low-density lionfish treatments were established on 10 large (1400 to 4000 m2) isolated coral reefs. After initiation of treatments, quarterly surveys of the native reef-fish communities were conducted for approximately 14 months. Lionfish caused significant reductions (mean +/- SEM) in density (up to 3.22 +/- 0.95 fish m-2), biomass (3.26 +/- 1.10 g m-2), and species richness (4.92 +/- 2.09 species) of small (10 cm TL) native fishes. However, these negative effects on prey-sized fishes had not yet translated into declines in larger size classes during the first 14 months of this experiment.;In addition to field experiments, this dissertation describes field and aquarium observations of a previously undocumented piscivorous behavior by invasive lionfish --- blowing jets of water at prey fish --- which may confer a high degree of predation efficiency, thus contributing to the dramatic success of the invasion (Chapter 5). Also provided is a review of the current state of knowledge about the lionfish invasion, with speculation on the long-term effects of the invasion on coral-reef communities, and a brief discussion of potential mitigation measures (Chapter 3).;In sum, this research demonstrated that invasive lionfish have substantial negative effects on native communities of coral-reef fishes. In all cases, numerical reductions in small (prey-sized) native fishes caused by lionfish were substantial. Additionally, lionfish caused considerable reductions in native reef-fish species richness (via predation on rare species). These findings indicate that the lionfish invasion may have long-term, broad-scale impacts on the structure and function of coral-reef communities as a whole, potentially reducing the resilience of these systems to a myriad of existing stressors as well as their capacity to provide valuable ecosystem goods and services to humans.
机译：掠夺性mid鱼（Pterois volitans和P. miles）在1980年代中期至后期被引入佛罗里达水域，并最终在热带西大西洋建立了自我维持的繁殖种群。这些入侵物种现已在美国东南沿海，加勒比海和墨西哥湾分布。在这些地区，l鱼的最大尺寸和丰度都比其本地太平洋大，说明它们已经经历了生态释放。迄今为止，被入侵的海洋社区几乎没有提供任何生物抗药性。L鱼是具有高消费率的多面体捕食者，栖息于广泛的生境中，可以防止有毒刺被捕食，并且能够进行长距离的幼体扩散。 consumption鱼有可能通过食用本地鱼类和与本地捕食者竞争而对本地社区产生直接影响，以及间接影响，例如草食性鱼类的过度消费会阻止海藻在造礁珊瑚上的竞争。还引起严重关注的是，侵入性l鱼可能与现有的珊瑚礁系统压力源（例如过度捕捞和海洋变暖）相加或什至协同作用，从而对原生生态系统和具有经济价值的渔业造成重大负面影响。本论文旨在进行一组受控的，重复的野外实验，以在各种时空尺度上严格检查和测量of鱼对本地礁鱼群落的影响。在第一个实验（第2章）中，比较了在有（n = 10）和没有（n = 10）狮子鱼的情况下，将天然鱼类净招募到二十个小斑礁的情况。这项研究表明，l鱼在5周内平均减少了78.9 +/- 32.2％的净捕捞或小型本地鱼类的丰度变化，在这两种处理中均影响了38种捕捞珊瑚礁中的23种。在第二个实验（第4章）中，我研究了of鱼对小型本地鱼类斑片礁群落的影响，这些鱼类相对于类似大小的本地捕食者锥斑石斑鱼（Cephalopholis fulva）而言，并与之结合。通过移植捕食者建立了四种不同的捕食者治疗方法（每个n = 5个礁石）。治疗方法包括单个侵入性小small鱼，单个小型本地石斑鱼，石斑鱼和a鱼，以及无捕食者的对照组。与对照组相比，侵入性l鱼导致小型原生鱼的丰度（93.7 +/- 17.8％）和物种丰富度（4.6 +/- 1.6种）减少（平均+/- SEM）。 l鱼对丰富度的负面影响比本地石斑鱼的负面影响强2.6 +/- 0.5倍。当狮子鱼和本地石斑鱼同时存在时，对本地鱼类的丰度，物种丰富度，均匀性和多样性产生最大的负面影响。此外，l鱼的长度和质量都比本地石斑鱼快六倍。第三个实验（第6章）在与管理和保护工作直接相关的时空尺度上评估了fish鱼对本地礁鱼群落的影响。在基线调查之后，在10个大的（1400至4000平方米）孤立的珊瑚礁上建立了高密度和低密度的fish鱼处理方法。开始治疗后，每季度对本地礁鱼社区进行一次调查，历时约14个月。鱼导致密度（最多3.22 +/- 0.95鱼m-2），生物量（3.26 +/- 1.10 g m-2）和物种丰富度（4.92 +/- 2.09种）显着降低（平均+/- SEM） ）（小于10厘米TL）的小型本地鱼类。然而，在本实验的前14个月中，这些对猎物大小的鱼类的不利影响尚未转化为大规格鱼类的下降。除了田间试验外，本论文还介绍了野外和水族馆对以前未记录的食鱼行为的观察。侵略性fish鱼---向猎物吹水---可能具有很高的捕食效率，从而为入侵取得了巨大成功（第5章）。还提供了对the鱼入侵的最新知识的评论，推测了入侵对珊瑚礁群落的长期影响，并简要讨论了潜在的缓解措施（第3章）。这项研究表明，侵入性l鱼对珊瑚礁鱼类的原生群落具有重大的负面影响。在所有情况下，l鱼引起的小型（猎物大小）本地鱼类的数量减少都很大。此外，l鱼（通过捕食稀有物种）导致天然礁鱼物种丰富度大大降低。这些发现表明，fish鱼的入侵可能是长期的对整个珊瑚礁群落的结构和功能的广泛影响，可能会降低这些系统对众多现有压力源的适应能力，以及它们向人类提供有价值的生态系统产品和服务的能力。

著录项

  • 作者

    Albins, Mark A.;

  • 作者单位

    Oregon State University.;

  • 授予单位 Oregon State University.;
  • 学科 Biology Ecology.;Biology Oceanography.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2011
  • 页码 225 p.
  • 总页数 225
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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