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'Rocks and storms I'll fear no more': Anglo-American maritime memorialization, 1700--1940.

机译：“风雨无阻，我将不再害怕”：英美海事纪念馆，1700--1940年。

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Nautical archaeology has made remarkable advances since its inception half a century ago, but one area in need of more attention is the examination of cultural aspects of seafaring. This dissertation advances understanding of eighteenth- through early-twentieth century British and American maritime culture by exploring traditional memorialization practices. Interpretations are based primarily on analysis of 412 maritime memorials recorded during two archaeological surveys in Great Britain and the United States. In addition, primary accounts from the Age of Sail are utilized to place maritime memorialization into its proper cultural and historical context.; Research reveals three major themes in Anglo-American maritime memorialization. First, memorials show a striking concern for the dangers and hardships of life at sea. Numerous memorials describe the perils of the natural world and the group values that mariners developed to cope with the ever-present possibility of sudden death. Such values include attention to duty, courage, group loyalty, self-sacrifice, and pride.; Second, maritime communities faced the problem of commemorating those who never returned from the sea. Many sailors were lost at sea or died aboard ship or in distant lands. In the vast majority of such cases, the body was never returned home, and many did not receive proper burial. As a result, family members and fellow sailors created memorials to honor the lost and to symbolically lay the deceased to rest. Evidence indicates, however, that such attempts were not entirely satisfactory. Many epitaphs lament the fact that empty graves cannot provide an adequate substitute for missing bodies.; Finally, investigation revealed a significant increase in religious sentiment on maritime memorials from the mid-nineteenth century until the end of the Age of Sail. It is suggested that the increase in maritime religious sentiment was linked to nineteenth-century religious reform movements. The prevalence of religious imagery and inscriptions on maritime memorials during this time, however, probably does not indicate that most sailors became religious. Rather, most religious maritime memorials were erected by sailors' families. This suggests that maritime families turned to religion as a source of comfort when faced with the deaths of loved ones at sea.
机译：自半个世纪前成立以来，航海考古学已取得了举世瞩目的进步，但是需要进一步关注的一个领域是航海文化方面的研究。本论文通过探索传统的纪念活动，增进了对18世纪至20世纪初英国和美国海洋文化的理解。解释主要基于对在英国和美国进行的两次考古调查中记录的412个海事纪念馆的分析。此外，还利用了“航海时代”的主要记录，将海上纪念活动纳入其适当的文化和历史背景。研究揭示了英美海事纪念活动的三个主要主题。首先，纪念馆对海上生命的危险和艰辛表示了极大的关注。许多纪念馆描述了自然世界的危险以及水手为应对突然死亡的可能性而发展起来的群体价值。这些价值观包括对责任，勇气，团体忠诚，自我牺牲和自豪感的关注。其次，海洋社区面临着纪念那些从未从海上归来的人的问题。许多水手在海上迷路或在船上或遥远的陆地上丧生。在绝大多数此类情况下，尸体从未返回家园，许多人没有得到适当的埋葬。结果，家人和水手们创建了纪念馆，以纪念遇难者并象征性地安葬死者。但是，有证据表明，这种尝试并不完全令人满意。许多墓志对空墓无法提供失物的充分替代品感到遗憾。最后，调查显示，从19世纪中叶直到航行时代结束，海事纪念馆的宗教气氛显着增加。有人认为，海上宗教情绪的提高与19世纪宗教改革运动有关。但是，这段时期海事纪念馆中普遍存在宗教意象和铭文，这可能并不意味着大多数水手都信奉宗教。相反，大多数宗教海上纪念馆是由水手家属建立的。这表明，海上家庭在面对亲人的遇难时转向宗教作为一种慰藉。

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