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Functional morphology and feeding performance of marine-fish larvae.

机译：海鱼幼体的功能形态和摄食性能。

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摘要

Despite the acknowledged phenomenon that the biology of marine-fish larvae is considered different from that of juvenile and adult conspecifics, very little is known about the morphological and biomechanical changes that occur to the feeding apparatus of as they develop from hatching through metamorphosis. Moreover, our understanding of the consequences of these developmental changes for feeding performance and prey selectivity is limited. Starvation is often implicated as a leading cause of mortality during pelagic larval development. Since mortality during this life history stage is known to influence recruitment success and subsequent population dynamics of marine fishes, there is still a need to understand the processes that influence feeding success in marine-fish larvae. In this study, the relationship between the development of the feeding apparatus and feeding performance was examined in ten species of marine-fish larvae.;All ten species exhibited increased skeletal complexity through their development from developing cranial elements, articulations, and musculoskeletal linkages. The state of development of the feeding apparatus increased in complexity through ontogeny, from a simple, hyoid-driven system, at the onset of exogenous feeding, to a more complex feeding system involving all adult functional elements of the cranium, just prior to metamorphosis. Although the feeding apparatus converged to the hyoid-opercular-mandible linkage state in all species around metamorphosis, the relative contribution of skeletal elements to the functional feeding apparatus was different among species. Four developmental transitions of the feeding apparatus were found in all species except in Amphiprion ocellaris, which exhibited only three transitions. Most species initiated first feeding during the the initial hyoid stage, characterized by rudimentary development of the hyoid apparatus and overall low neurocranium complexity. The complete hyoid stage typically occurred 3 days post hatching (dph), and was characterized by expansion of the cerato and epihyal cartilage, and increasing skeletal complexity. The initial opercular series stage exhibited ossification and separation of the upper and lower jaws, initial ossification of the opercular series and overall amassment of cranial elements until reaching the complete opercular series, which consisted of the full adult arrangement of the feeding apparatus. Amphiprion ocellaris exhibited more pronounced functional-morphological features of the feeding apparatus characteristic of the first feeding stage in the remaining nine species. The first feeding stage of these nine species was identified as the initial hyoid stage, characterized by rudimentary hyoid and suspensorium development, and a near total lack of other skeletal elements. Pseudochromis fridmani and Abudefduf saxatilis exhibited initial development and expansion of the palatine-quadrate cartilage, and Gobiesox strumosus exhibited relatively more robust cleithrum and pectoral fin development during the first feeding stage. Development of the feeding apparatus continued through metamorphosis to the adult arrangement although the relative contribution of skeletal elements varied throughout development.;This study showed high and variable levels of prey selectivity among species of marine-fish larvae. Among the species that consumed 35--90 and 91--270 mum zooplankton, calanoid copepods were the dominant prey type consumed. Still, there were high levels of prey selectivity within these broad prey types. Many species of marine-fish larvae appear to be generalist feeders capable of consuming a broad range of prey types. Rotifers and Artemia are novel prey types to most species of marine-fish larvae. Consumption of these prey types suggests adaptability in prey selectivity, but morphological features among these two prey type consumers was not noticed.
机译：尽管公认的现象是海水鱼幼虫的生物学被认为与少年和成年种不同，但是对于它们从孵化到变态发展的过程，其摄食设备发生的形态和生物力学变化知之甚少。此外，我们对这些发育变化对饲养性能和猎物选择性的影响的理解是有限的。饥饿通常被认为是中上层幼体发育过程中死亡的主要原因。由于已知在这个生活史阶段的死亡率会影响海鱼的募集成功和随后的种群动态，因此仍然需要了解影响海鱼幼虫取食成功的过程。在这项研究中，研究了十种海水鱼幼体的饲喂设备发展与饲喂性能之间的关系。；所有十种鱼类均通过发育的颅骨，关节和肌肉骨骼联系而表现出增加的骨骼复杂性。饲喂设备的发展状态通过个体发育从外生饲喂开始时的简单，舌骨驱动系统到涉及颅骨所有成年功能元件的更复杂的饲喂系统（在变态之前），其复杂性不断增加。尽管在变态周围的所有物种中，饲喂设备都收敛到了舌骨－舌－下颌骨的连接状态，但是骨骼元素对功能性饲喂设备的相对贡献在物种之间是不同的。在所有物种中都发现了饲喂设备的四个发育过渡，除了在两栖双足纲动物中只有三个过渡。大多数物种在舌骨的初始阶段就开始首次进食，其特征是舌骨装置的发育初期以及总体上较低的神经颅复杂性。完整的舌骨阶段通常发生在孵化（dph）后3天，其特征是cerato和上软骨的扩展，以及骨骼复杂性的增加。手术前的初期阶段表现为上颚和下颌骨的骨化和分离，手术前的初期骨化以及颅骨元件的整体积聚，直到达到完整的手术前的系列，其中包括整个成人的饲喂装置。在剩下的九个物种中，两栖双足纲动物在第一个进食阶段的进食装置特征中表现出更明显的功能形态特征。这九个物种的第一个进食阶段被确定为初始舌骨阶段，其特征是雏形舌骨和悬液发育，几乎完全缺乏其他骨骼元素。在第一阶段的进食阶段，Pseudochromis fridmani和Abudefduf saxatilis表现出initial四方软骨的初始发育和扩张，而Gobiesox strumosus表现出相对更健壮的韧皮和胸鳍发育。尽管骨骼元素在整个发育过程中的相对贡献各不相同，但喂养设备的发展一直持续到变态，直至成年。这项研究表明，在海水鱼幼体中，捕食选择性的水平较高且变化很大。在消耗35--90和91--270的浮游动物的物种中，类人猿pe足类动物是主要的猎物类型。在这些广泛的猎物类型中，猎物选择性仍然很高。许多种类的海鱼幼体似乎是能吃多种猎物的通才饲养者。轮虫和卤虫是大多数海洋鱼类幼虫的新型猎物类型。这些猎物类型的消费表明猎物选择性的适应性，但是这两个猎物类型消费者之间的形态特征并未引起注意。

著录项

  • 作者

    Wittenrich, Matthew Lynn.;

  • 作者单位

    Florida Institute of Technology.;

  • 授予单位 Florida Institute of Technology.;
  • 学科 Biology Anatomy.;Biology Oceanography.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2011
  • 页码 189 p.
  • 总页数 189
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 农学（农艺学）;
  • 关键词

  • 入库时间 2022-08-17 11:44:54

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