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Foreign Direct Investment in developing countries and agricultural productivity in the tropics: Why Africa receives less FDI and has low agricultural productivity?

机译：对发展中国家的外国直接投资和热带地区的农业生产率：为什么非洲的外国直接投资减少而农业生产率低？

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摘要

This study examines why Africa as a region continues to attract less Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and also has the lowest agricultural productivity among developing countries and tropical countries respectively. Attracting enough FDI will at least theoretically boost domestic investment, increase employment, enhance technology transfer and increase domestic exports (by making domestic firms competitive). The Agricultural sector employs a greatest share of Africa's labor force and also contributes most of Africa's nominal GDP. Therefore increasing agricultural productivity will go a long way in not only reducing rural unemployment but also reducing poverty. It has also been shown that growth in agricultural productivity is more poverty reducing that a similar growth in manufacturing sector.;In chapter 2, using pooled feasible generalized least squares (with individual fixed effect) on an unbalanced panel of between 55 and 77 countries, from 1984--2005, I examine the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in developing countries in general and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in particular. I find that extensive economic infrastructure is necessary for FDI flow to developing countries. With respect to institutional variables, the results also show that a stable government and conducive investment environment are associated with higher levels of FDI flow to developing countries. The results again show that while some of the regressors affect FDI inflow to sub-Saharan Africa in the same way, they do with respect to that of non sub-Saharan Africa, other regressors affect sub-Saharan Africa FDI inflow differently. For instance while infrastructural development, stable government, and conducive investment climate are associated with higher inflow of FDI to sub-Saharan Africa and non sub-Saharan Africa regions, availability of natural resources (i.e. fuel exports) is positively associated with FDI inflow to SSA, but negatively associated with FDI to areas outside of SSA. Also the results show that below a certain threshold, larger GDP per capita and lower corruption level are positively associated with FDI flow to SSA. Other robustness checks show that the results are similar in the two datasets and various specifications.;In chapter 3, we examine the determinants of agricultural productivity in the tropics, and test whether these determinants affect tropical sub-Saharan Africa agriculture differently than in other tropical regions. We find that fertilizer usage, telephones, and rainfall have a positive and significant effect on agricultural productivity, while tractor usage and most institutional variables are insignificant. Interestingly, we find evidence that the effect of irrigation and rainfall differs inside and outside of tropical sub-Saharan Africa. Outside of Africa, irrigation positively and significantly impacts productivity. Inside it, the effect is either insignificant or highly muted. In an expanded sample of countries, we show that rainfall has a positive and significant impact on productivity in tropical SSA, but an insignificant effect outside of the region.;I discuss what needs to be done in Africa for it to increase its agricultural productivity in chapter 4. I review all the various interventions that have taken place in Africa with the goal of boosting its agricultural productivity, but failed to realize that goal. In particular I look at why the earlier Green Revolution that transformed agricultural productivity in most of the Asian and Latin American countries stalled in Africa. I then examined the two main approaches (i.e. focused approach and comprehensive approach) that have been suggested in the literature to improve Africa's agricultural productivity. The proponents of the comprehensive approach note the complex nature of Africa's agricultural problems and hence propose that the solution should be multifaced and coordinated. Those who advocate for the focused approach argue that with scarce budgets, the solution to Africa's agricultural problems should be concise and focused on the more binding constraints to agricultural productivity. Finally, I argue that the approach that Africa adopts (be it comprehensive or focused approach) is not the key, but rather the significant role that African leaders will need to play. African leaders will have to improve rural infrastructure, make technology adoption affordable through the use of subsidies and micro-financing. Also African leaders will have to provide safety nets for farmers to reduce the risk in adopting new technology. Without African leaders providing these facilities, none of the approaches suggested stands a chance to succeed.
机译：这项研究探讨了为什么非洲作为一个地区继续吸引较少的外国直接投资（FDI），并且在发展中国家和热带国家中分别具有最低的农业生产率。吸引足够的外国直接投资至少将在理论上增加国内投资，增加就业，促进技术转让并增加国内出口（通过提高国内公司的竞争力）。农业部门在非洲劳动力中所占比例最大，并且对非洲名义GDP的贡献最大。因此，提高农业生产率在减少农村失业和减少贫困​​方面将大有帮助。研究还表明，与制造业部门的类似增长相比，农业生产率的增长在减少贫困方面具有更大的优势。；在第二章中，在55至77个国家之间的不平衡面板上使用可行的集合广义最小二乘法（具有个体固定效应），从1984--2005年开始，我研究了发展中国家，特别是撒哈拉以南非洲地区（SSA）的外国直接投资（FDI）的决定因素。我发现，广泛的经济基础设施是外国直接投资流向发展中国家的必要条件。关于体制变量，结果还表明，稳定的政府和有利的投资环境与流入发展中国家的外国直接投资水平较高有关。结果再次表明，尽管某些回归因素以相同的方式影响流向撒哈拉以南非洲的外国直接投资，但相对于非撒哈拉以南非洲而言，它们的影响是相同的，而其他回归因素对撒哈拉以南非洲的外国直接投资的影响却有所不同。例如，虽然基础设施发展，稳定的政府和有利的投资环境与外国直接投资流入撒哈拉以南非洲和非撒哈拉以南非洲地区的增加相关，但自然资源的可获得性（即燃料出口）与外国直接投资流入撒哈拉以南地区正相关，但与SSA以外地区的FDI负相关。结果还表明，在一定阈值以下，人均国内生产总值较高和腐败程度较低与流入撒哈拉以南非洲的外国直接投资正相关。其他稳健性检查表明，在两个数据集和各种规格中，结果相似。在第3章中，我们检查了热带地区农业生产率的决定因素，并检验了这些决定因素对热带撒哈拉以南非洲农业的影响是否与其他热带地区不同地区。我们发现肥料的使用，电话和降雨对农业生产率产生了积极而显着的影响，而拖拉机的使用和大多数机构变量却无关紧要。有趣的是，我们发现证据表明，在撒哈拉以南非洲热带地区内部和外部，灌溉和降雨的影响是不同的。在非洲以外，灌溉对生产力产生了积极而重大的影响。在其内部，效果是微不足道的或高度静音的。在扩大的国家样本中，我们显示降雨对热带撒哈拉以南非洲地区的生产力产生了积极而显着的影响，但对该区域以外的影响却微不足道。我讨论了非洲为提高非洲农业生产力而需要做什么。第4章。我回顾了非洲为提高其农业生产率而进行的所有各种干预措施，但未能实现该目标。我特别要看一下为什么早先的绿色革命改变了大多数亚洲和拉丁美洲国家的农业生产力，而在非洲却停滞不前。然后，我研究了文献中为提高非洲农业生产率而提出的两种主要方法（即重点方法和综合方法）。支持这种全面方法的人注意到非洲农业问题的复杂性，因此建议解决方案应该是多方面的和协调的。那些主张采用集中式方法的人认为，由于预算紧缺，非洲农业问题的解决方案应简明扼要，并集中在对农业生产力更具约束力的制约因素上。最后，我认为非洲所采用的方法（无论是全面方法还是重点方法）不是关键，而是非洲领导人需要发挥的重要作用。非洲领导人将不得不改善农村基础设施，通过使用补贴和小额供资使技术负担得起。非洲领导人还必须为农民提供安全网，以减少采用新技术的风险。如果没有非洲领导人提供这些设施，则所建议的任何方法都不会成功。

著录项

  • 作者

    Andzie-Quainoo, Lord.;

  • 作者单位

    The University of Oklahoma.;

  • 授予单位 The University of Oklahoma.;
  • 学科 Economics.;Agricultural economics.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2011
  • 页码 148 p.
  • 总页数 148
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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