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首页> 外文学位 >Modeling boulder transport by storms and tsunamis: Application to Caribbean hazard assessment.
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Modeling boulder transport by storms and tsunamis: Application to Caribbean hazard assessment.

机译：通过风暴和海啸对巨石运输进行建模：在加勒比海灾害评估中的应用。

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摘要

A combination of numerical hydrodynamic models, a large-clast inverse sediment-transport model, and extensive field measurements were used to discriminate between a tsunami and a storm striking Anegada, BVI a few centuries ago. In total 161 cobbles and boulders were measured, ranging from 1.5 to 830 kg at distances of up to 1 km from the shoreline and 2 km from the crest of a fringing coral reef. Transported limestone clasts were derived from outcrops in the low lying interior of Anegada. Estimates of the near-bed flow velocities required to transport the observed boulders were calculated using a simple sediment-transport model, which accounts for fluid drag, inertia, buoyancy and lift forces on boulders and includes both sliding and overturning transport mechanisms. Estimated near-bed flow velocities are converted to depth-averaged velocities using a linear eddy viscosity model and compared with flow depth, acceleration, and depth-averaged velocity time series from high resolution coastal inundation models. Such models simulate overwash by the storm surge and waves of a category 5 hurricane and tsunami inundation from a Lisbon earthquake of M 9.0 and two hypothetical earthquakes along the North America Caribbean Plate boundary. A modeled category 5 hurricane and three simulated tsunamis were all capable of inundating the boulder fields and transporting a portion of the observed clasts, but only an earthquake of M 8.0 on a normal fault of the outer-rise along the Puerto Rico Trench was found to be capable of transporting the largest clasts at their current locations. Model results show that, while both storm waves and tsunamis are capable of generating velocities and accelerations necessary to transport large boulders near the reef crest, attenuation of wave energy due to wave breaking and bottom friction limits the capacity of storm waves to transport large clasts at great inland distances. Through sensitivity analysis, it is shown that even when using coefficients in the sediment-transport model, which yield the lowest estimated minimum velocities for boulder transport, storm waves from a category 5 hurricane are not capable of transporting the largest boulders in the interior of Anegada. Because of the uncertainties in the modeling approach, extensive sensitivity analysis is included and limitations are discussed.
机译：数个世纪前，将数值流体动力学模型，大碎屑逆沉积物传输模型和广泛的野外测量相结合，以区分海啸和袭击英属维尔京群岛Anegada的风暴。总共测量了161个鹅卵石和卵石，范围从1.5到830千克，距海岸线最多1公里，距离边缘珊瑚礁顶2公里。运输的石灰岩碎屑来自Anegada低洼内部的露头。使用简单的泥沙输送模型计算了运输观测到的巨石所需的近床流速估计值，该模型考虑了巨石上的流体阻力，惯性，浮力和升力，包括滑动和翻转运输机制。使用线性涡流粘度模型将估计的近地层流速转换为深度平均速度，并与高分辨率海岸淹没模型的流速，加速度和深度平均速度时间序列进行比较。此类模型模拟了风暴潮和飓风和5级飓风和海啸淹没造成的洪水泛滥，这些飓风和洪水来自M 9.0级的里斯本地震和北美洲加勒比板块边界的两次假设地震。建模的5级飓风和三个模拟的海啸都能够淹没巨石场并运送一部分观测到的碎屑，但仅发现波多黎各海沟沿外层的正常断层发生了8.0级M级地震能够在其当前位置运输最大的碎屑。模型结果表明，尽管风暴波和海啸都能够产生在礁顶附近运输大型巨石所必需的速度和加速度，但由于波浪破碎和底部摩擦而造成的波能衰减限制了风暴波在海底运输大型碎屑的能力。内陆距离很大。通过敏感性分析表明，即使在沉积物传输模型中使用系数时，估计的最低巨石运输速度最低，来自第5类飓风的风暴波也无法在Anegada内部运输最大的巨石。由于建模方法的不确定性，因此进行了广泛的敏感性分析并讨论了局限性。

著录项

  • 作者

    Buckley, Mark L.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Rhode Island.;

  • 授予单位 University of Rhode Island.;
  • 学科 Geology.;Engineering Marine and Ocean.;Physical Oceanography.
  • 学位 M.S.
  • 年度 2011
  • 页码 76 p.
  • 总页数 76
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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