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首页> 外文学位 >Effects of Oxygenated Drinking Water on Gaseous Emissions, Rumen Microorganisms, and Milk Production in Dairy Cattle.
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Effects of Oxygenated Drinking Water on Gaseous Emissions, Rumen Microorganisms, and Milk Production in Dairy Cattle.

机译：含氧饮用水对奶牛气体排放，瘤胃微生物和产奶量的影响。

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摘要

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere have increased due to anthropogenic activities, which are believed to have led to an increase in global temperature. Anthropogenic GHG production originates primarily from the burning of fossil fuels; however, there are a variety of other sectors producing GHG that deserve attention as major sources. One such industry central to the success and growth of civilization is agriculture. While there is potential and need for a reduction in GHG emissions from plant agricultural systems, the present thesis will focus on animal agriculture. Animal agricultural systems, primarily ruminant production systems, produce the majority of GHG from the agricultural sector. There is a great need to research and implement production strategies that will reduce GHG emissions from a variety of ruminant animal production settings.;The present thesis introduces the topic of global warming with a review of current climate change statistics, global warming potential of various GHG, and sources of GHG from dairy cattle production systems. The literature review further focuses on enteric methane production from ruminant animals, including the source of methane production in the stomach of ruminant animals, techniques utilized in the measurement of enteric gaseous emissions, as well as the major methane mitigation techniques currently established for ruminants. Pilot studies and an original research project were conducted using dairy cattle as the ruminant model of choice.;Dairy cattle production systems contribute to GHG emissions, predominantly in the form of methane. Enteric methane is formed by methanogenic archaea (methanogens) that require strict anaerobic conditions to grow. A water treatment system was used to increase the dissolved oxygen concentration in drinking water. We hypothesized that increasing the dissolved oxygen concentration of the rumen through intake of oxygenated drinking water would create an environment detrimental to the proliferation of obligate anaerobic methanogens. This study evaluated carbonaceous and nitrogenous gaseous emissions in addition to performance parameters. A total of 36 lactating Holstein dairy cows were used in a completely randomized design. The cows were assigned to two treatment groups: control water and oxygenated drinking water (CON and OXI, respectively). The cows were housed in 3 groups of 6 animals within each treatment (n = 3). Dry matter intake (DMI), water intake (WI), and milk yield (MY) were recorded daily. Rumen fluid samples were extracted via an orogastric tube and quantified for bacteria, methanogens, and protozoa. Cows were placed inside an environmental chamber to measure carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and ammonia using the Innova 1412 photoacoustic field gas monitor (California Analytical Instruments, Orange, CA) and methane using the TEI 55C direct methane analyzer (Thermo Environmental Instruments, Franklin, MA). All measurements were analyzed using Proc Mixed in SAS. The DMI, WI, and energy corrected milk yield were similar but OXI versus CON treated cattle had reduced MY (P<0.05). Bacteria, methanogen, and protozoa quantification yielded no differences between treatments. While methane production was similar between treatments, ammonia emissions were higher for OXI cattle (P<0.05). Introduction of oxygen to the rumen via drinking water did not produce the anticipated effect on methane reduction but instead resulted in changes in nitrogen metabolism.
机译：自工业革命开始以来，由于人为活动，大气中温室气体（GHG）的浓度增加，据信这导致全球温度升高。人为温室气体的产生主要来自化石燃料的燃烧。但是，还有许多其他产生温室气体的部门也应作为主要来源加以关注。农业是文明成功与成长的核心产业之一。尽管有减少植物农业系统温室气体排放的潜力和需求，但本论文将集中在动物农业上。动物农业系统（主要是反刍动物生产系统）从农业部门生产大部分的温室气体。迫切需要研究和实施生产策略，以减少各种反刍动物生产环境中的温室气体排放。本论文在回顾当前气候变化统计数据，各种温室气体的全球变暖潜力的同时，介绍了全球变暖这一主题。以及奶牛生产系统中的温室气体来源。文献综述进一步集中于反刍动物产生的肠甲烷，包括反刍动物的胃中甲烷的产生源，用于测量肠胃气体排放的技术以及目前为反刍动物建立的主要的缓解甲烷技术。使用奶牛作为反刍动物模型进行了试点研究和原始研究项目。奶牛生产系统主要以甲烷的形式产生温室气体排放。肠甲烷由产甲烷菌（甲烷菌）形成，需要严格的厌氧条件才能生长。使用水处理系统来增加饮用水中的溶解氧浓度。我们假设通过摄入含氧饮用水增加瘤胃的溶解氧浓度将创造一个不利于专性厌氧产甲烷菌增殖的环境。除性能参数外，该研究还评估了碳和氮的气体排放。完全随机设计共使用了36头泌乳荷斯坦奶牛。将母牛分为两个处理组：对照水和含氧饮用水（分别为CON和OXI）。在每次处理中，将母牛分为3组，每组6只动物（n = 3）。每天记录干物质摄入量（DMI），水摄入量（WI）和牛奶产量（MY）。经口胃管提取瘤胃液样品，并对细菌，产甲烷菌和原生动物进行定量。使用Innova 1412光声场气体监测仪（California Analytical Instruments，CA，CA）将奶牛放在环境室内以测量二氧化碳，一氧化二氮和氨，并使用TEI 55C直接甲烷分析仪（Thermo Environmental Instruments，Franklin，嘛）。使用SAS中的Proc Mixed分析所有测量值。 DMI，WI和能量校正的牛奶产量相似，但是OXI和CON处理的牛的MY降低（P <0.05）。细菌，产甲烷菌和原生动物的量化处理之间没有差异。尽管处理之间的甲烷产量相似，但OXI牛的氨气排放量更高（P <0.05）。通过饮用水将瘤胃中的氧气引入并未对甲烷的还原产生预期的影响，而是导致了氮代谢的变化。

著录项

  • 作者

    Neumeier, Clayton John.;

  • 作者单位

    University of California, Davis.;

  • 授予单位 University of California, Davis.;
  • 学科 Agriculture Animal Culture and Nutrition.
  • 学位 M.S.
  • 年度 2011
  • 页码 126 p.
  • 总页数 126
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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