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Public Procurement in 21st Century: Balancing Liberalisation, Social Values and Protectionism

机译：21世纪的公共采购：平衡自由化，社会价值观和保护主义

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摘要

Governments have long used public procurement markets to advance broader (horizontal) policy-goals at the expense of achieving the best value for money in the public sector. Such policies---which include social, environmental, human-rights-related or simply openly protectionism---have often been the result of powerful domestic interest groups successfully lobbying their governments for protection from global competition. Such behaviour has traditionally not been condemned by the international system. For example, the international community failed to multilaterally address the resulting discrimination against foreign suppliers/contractors of goods/services in the formation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947. Only much later, and as a result of the plurilateral Tokyo Round Code on Government Procurement ('GPA') in 1979, did a group of mostly developed countries partially commit to opening their public procurement markets with the goal of advocating best value for money and containing other horizontal policy goals. After thirty years of little further progress, the GPA parties discreetly changed this paradigm by showing a lax stance on the increasing phenomenon of 'cross-border horizontal policies.';Such 'cross-border horizontal policies.' deprive foreign (exterritorial) business of their comparative/cost advantages by deliberately interfering with foreign regulatory environments in a number of ways, including written laws, their enforcement or foreign law-making/political process. Such policies employ public procurers' purchasing power to arbitrarily and selectively target specific jurisdictions, sectors, geographical regions or specific business operators. Such policies also work in tandem with consumer-driven fair-trade initiatives in private markets and with attempts to internationalise green and social standards through international agreements. At the same time, large emerging economies employ strategies of 'innovation mercantilism' which seek to use public procurement as a means to force technology transfers. Innovation mercantilism shares many characteristics of environmental and social policies by arbitrarily and selectively targeting the innovation advantage of specific foreign sectors or enterprises, and by adversely affecting regulatory environments in the originating country.;This study presents cross-border horizontal policies as a major obstacle to further liberalisation of public procurement markets. This study finds that governments negotiating liberalisation of public procurement markets have little control over the pursuit of such policies by sub-central governments and by executive agencies, resulting in that governments can neither make reliable commitments toward their trading partners on curbing such policies nor can they effectively use such policies to force third countries to reciprocally open markets.;This study also finds that governments are detracted from properly addressing the problem of such policies by having instead to negotiate procedural framework of the GPA in the lack of spontaneously emerged order of public contracting. As a result, diverging attitudes to such policies are not reflected in the GPA, which largely explains many countries' (especially emerging economies') aversion to join this agreement and a current trend toward a bilateralisation of public procurement-specific negotiations whereby such policies might be more easily addressed between pairs of most interested countries, to the detriment of unfinished multilateralisation of the GPA.
机译：各国政府长期以来一直使用公共采购市场来推进更广泛的（水平的）政策目标，却以在公共部门实现最佳物有所值为代价。这些政策-包括社会，环境，与人权相关的政策，或者只是公开地实行保护主义-往往是强大的国内利益集团成功游说其政府以保护自己免受全球竞争影响的结果。传统上，这种行为不受国际体系的谴责。例如，国际社会未能在1947年制定关税和贸易总协定（GATT）时多边解决对外国商品/服务的供应商/承包商的歧视。直到很久以后，由于多边贸易1979年的《东京政府采购圆形守则》（GPA）确实使大多数发达国家在一定程度上承诺开放其公共采购市场，以期提倡最佳物有所值并包含其他横向政策目标。在经历了三十年的进展之后，GPA各方谨慎地改变了这种范式，对“跨境水平政策”（例如“跨境水平政策”）现象日趋松懈。通过以多种方式故意干扰外国监管环境，包括书面法律，其执行或外国立法/政治程序，从而剥夺了外国（域外）企业的比较/成本优势。此类政策利用公共采购者的购买力来任意和有选择地针对特定的司法管辖区，部门，地理区域或特定的经营者。此类政策还与私人市场中以消费者为导向的公平贸易倡议以及通过国际协议将绿色和社会标准国际化的努力相结合。同时，大型新兴经济体采用“创新重商主义”战略，这些战略试图利用公共采购作为强制技术转让的手段。创新重商主义通过任意和有选择地针对特定外国部门或企业的创新优势，并通过不利地影响起源国的监管环境而具有环境和社会政策的许多特征。；本研究提出了跨境横向政策是阻碍其发展的主要障碍。进一步开放公共采购市场。这项研究发现，就公共采购市场的自由化进行谈判的政府几乎无法控制次中央政府和执行机构对此类政策的追求，从而导致政府既不能对贸易伙伴做出可靠的承诺，也不能遏制此类政策。有效地利用此类政策来迫使第三国相互开放市场。；该研究还发现，由于缺乏自发出现的公共合同秩序，而不得不通过谈判GPA的程序框架，政府无法妥善解决此类政策问题。结果，《全球行动计划》并未反映出对此类政策的分歧态度，这在很大程度上解释了许多国家（尤其是新兴经济体）对加入该协议的厌恶，以及当前针对特定公共采购的谈判进行双边化的趋势，由此此类政策可能在最感兴趣的国家之间更容易解决，损害了GPA尚未完成的多边化。

著录项

  • 作者

    Gorski, Jedrzej.;

  • 作者单位

    The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong).;

  • 授予单位 The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong).;
  • 学科 Law.;Public administration.;Public policy.;International law.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2016
  • 页码 427 p.
  • 总页数 427
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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