An analytical method for detection of mutagenic halogenated furanones in drinking waters has been refined for application to an occurrence study of disinfection byproducts in the United States. Thirteen chlorinated and brominated analogues of Mutagen X (3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone, “MX”) were targeted in this survey using an optimized liquid-liquid extraction of 250 mL aqueous samples that permitted full quality control for field application. Samples were collected from different points in treatment plant pairs drawing on similar sources but with contrasting disinfection schemes. Higher than previously reported levels of halogenated furanones (up to 1280 ng/L) were detected in some chlorinated waters which contrasts with European drinking water treatment plants (up to 67 ng/L MX) that typically use lower doses of chlorine disinfectants on source waters with different carbon characteristics. Source waters containing bromide produced brominated analogues of MX as a result of either chlorination or chloramination. Ozone and biological granular activated carbon filtration were effective in removing precursor material of halogenated furanones. Formation and removal of halogenated furanones followed similar trends to other disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. A controlled laboratory chlorination study on fractions of well-characterized natural organic matter was carried out to determine if trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids follow similar formation mechanisms to that of halogenated furanones. The chlorinated disinfection byproducts correlated positively with aromatic source carbon while the brominated disinfection byproducts correlated with aliphatic source carbon, suggesting that the three classes of disinfection byproducts are formed by the same mechanism, but that chlorination and bromination may proceed by different pathways.
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机译：完善了一种检测饮用水中诱变卤代呋喃酮的分析方法，可用于美国消毒副产物的发生研究。使用250 mL水的优化液-液萃取方法，在本次调查中确定了诱变剂X的13种氯化和溴化类似物（3-氯-4-（二氯甲基）-5-羟基-2（5H）-呋喃酮，“ MX”）允许对现场应用进行全面质量控制的样品。从处理厂对的不同点收集样品，这些样品采用相似的来源，但采用了不同的消毒方案。在某些氯化水中检出的卤代呋喃酮含量高于先前报道的水平（最高1280 ng / L），这与欧洲饮用水处理厂（最高67 ng / L MX）形成对比，后者通常在源水上使用较低剂量的氯消毒剂具有不同的碳特征。由于氯化或氯化作用，含有溴化物的源水产生了MX的溴化类似物。臭氧和生物颗粒活性炭过滤可有效去除卤代呋喃酮的前体物质。卤代呋喃酮的形成和去除与其他消毒副产物（如三卤甲烷和卤乙酸）的趋势相似。进行了对特征充分的天然有机物组分的实验室氯化控制研究，以确定三卤甲烷和卤乙酸是否遵循与卤代呋喃酮相似的形成机理。氯化消毒副产物与芳香族源碳呈正相关，而溴化消毒副产物与脂肪族源碳呈正相关，这表明三类消毒副产物是通过相同的机理形成的，但是氯化和溴化可能通过不同的途径进行。
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