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首页> 外文学位 >Port Canton and the Pearl River Delta, 1690--1845 (China).
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Port Canton and the Pearl River Delta, 1690--1845 (China).

机译：广州港和珠江三角洲，1690--1845（中国）。

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The enormous growth of the China trade from 1700 to 1842 is a phenomenon that has never been clearly explained. Without knowing why the trade grew, we cannot fully understand how or why it failed. This study addresses two questions: “What were the factors that gave the trade stability and enabled it to grow?” and “What were the factors that weakened the system and contributed to its collapse?” The Canton System had many strong points. Most of the procedures and fees in the port were very consistently applied over time, which nurtured goodwill and trust; widespread credit helped to fuel a steady and constant commerce; and discounts for larger volumes encouraged expansion. As a result, the trade grew steadily for over 140 years. There seemed to be no limit as to how far it could expand.; In the long-term, however, the strengths were overshadowed by the weaknesses. Along with the increase in volume came an increase in state revenues. The success of the trade camouflaged the corruption that was pulling the system apart. Because smuggling complemented the legal trade in tea, Hoppos (customs superintendents) tended to tolerate it rather than stop it. It was more important to leave office after three years with a well-oiled machine that kept the revenues flowing to Beijing and that put money into the Hoppos' pockets. As a result, corruption continued to siphon more funds away from state and local coffers, which weakened the administrative apparatus. The foreigners were able to overcome the system, because the system had already defeated itself, by failing to keep the vital data and make the changes that were needed for its survival. The final blow came when the foreigners gained control over the Pearl River with the arrival of the steamship in 1830. This machine undermined the mechanisms upon which the Canton System was controlled, and effectively shifted the balance of power away from the Hoppos into foreign hands.
机译：从1700年到1842年，中国贸易的巨大增长是一个从未明确解释过的现象。不知道贸易为什么增长，我们无法完全理解贸易如何或为什么失败。这项研究解决了两个问题：“使贸易稳定并使其增长的因素是什么？”和“削弱系统并导致系统崩溃的因素是什么？”广州体制有很多优点。随着时间的流逝，港口的大多数程序和费用都非常一致地实行，这促进了商誉和信任。广泛的信誉有助于促进稳定和持续的贸易；大批量的折扣鼓励扩张。结果，贸易稳定增长了140多年。它可以扩展多远似乎没有限制。但是，从长远来看，优势被劣势所掩盖。随着数量的增加，国家税收也增加了。贸易的成功掩盖了将系统拉开的腐败。由于走私补充了茶叶的合法贸易，Hoppos（海关局长）倾向于容忍而不是制止。更重要的是，三年后用一台运转良好的机器离开办公室，使机器的收入流向北京，并把钱存入Hoppos的口袋。结果，腐败继续从州和地方库房中挪用更多资金，削弱了行政机构。外国人能够克服该系统，因为该系统已经无法保存重要数据并进行生存所需的更改，从而击败了自己。当外国人于1830年乘轮船抵达珠江时，他们受到了最后的打击。这台机器破坏了控制广州系统的机制，并有效地将力量平衡从Hoppos转移到了外国手中。

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