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The ecological sustainability of human societies: An empirical analysis of environmental impact theories.

机译：人类社会的生态可持续性：对环境影响理论的实证分析。

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摘要

Growing evidence demonstrating clear threats to the sustainability of human ecosystems—ozone depletion, global warming, desertification, deforestation, species loss—has given rise to a variety of sociological theories, from human ecology, political economy, neo-classical economics, ecological modernization, reflexive modernization, and world systems, addressing human-environment interactions. None, however, has been disciplined with empirical tests within a common framework. I undertake the first step in that disciplining here. In particular, I adopt and modify a conceptualization that relies on ecological first principles. Using a revised stochastic formulation of that conceptualization and the most comprehensive measure of environmental impact to date, the ecological footprint, I assess the human (anthropogenic) factors driving the environmental impacts of societies. The overall findings are supportive of the claims of human ecologists and political economists and contradict the claims of modernization theorists. Consistent with the theoretical claims of neo-Malthusians, population size has a proportional effect on the ecological footprint. Consistent with the claims of human ecologists, climate effects the scale of anthropogenic environmental impacts. Consistent with the claims of political economists and world systems theory, affluence monotonically increases the ecological footprint and urbanization further increases impacts. Contrary to the claims of neo-classical economists and ecological modernization theorists increased technological efficiency does not markedly reduce impacts. Contrary to reflexive modernization theory increased democratization does not reduce impacts. Overall, the findings suggest that in order to achieve sustainability, societies will have to curtail both population and economic growth.
机译：越来越多的证据表明，对人类生态系统可持续性的明显威胁-臭氧消耗，全球变暖，荒漠化，森林砍伐，物种丧失-引发了各种社会学理论，包括人类生态学，政治经济学，新古典经济学，生态现代化，自反式现代化，以及解决人类与环境相互作用的世界体系。但是，没有一个在同一框架内受到经验测试的约束。我在这里进行第一步。特别是，我采用并修改了依赖生态优先原则的概念。通过对概念化的修改后的随机表述以及迄今为止最全面的环境影响量度（生态足迹），我评估了驱动社会环境影响的人为因素（人为因素）。总体发现支持了人类生态学家和政治经济学家的主张，并且与现代化理论家的主张相矛盾。与新马尔萨斯主义者的理论主张一致，人口规模对生态足迹具有成比例的影响。与人类生态学家的观点一致，气候影响了人为环境影响的规模。与政治经济学家的观点和世界体系理论相一致，富裕程度单调增加了生态足迹，而城市化进一步增加了影响。与新古典经济学家和生态现代化理论家的主张相反，技术效率的提高并未显着减少影响。与反身现代化理论相反，增加民主化并不能减少影响。总体而言，研究结果表明，为了实现可持续性，社会将不得不减少人口和经济增长。

著录项

  • 作者

    York, Richard Frank.;

  • 作者单位

    Washington State University.;

  • 授予单位 Washington State University.;
  • 学科 Sociology Social Structure and Development.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2002
  • 页码 115 p.
  • 总页数 115
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 社会结构和社会关系;
  • 关键词

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