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Environment and appropriate technologies for investment decision making in rural sanitation projects in developing countries.

机译：发展中国家农村卫生项目投资决策的环境和适当技术。

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More than 2 billion people in developing countries are still without access to hygienic sanitation. The lack of hygienic sanitation takes a large toll on developing countries' economic progress and individual's well-being through poor-health conditions among people. Many government and development agencies tried to install toilets in poor communities during the 1980s and 1990s. Most projects failed. Several billions of dollars were wasted; communities did not use the installed toilets; and disease prevalence did not decrease. Frustrated agencies soon cut funding for projects.; The thesis analyses reasons for past project failures and includes findings in a decision support model, which identifies a suite of toilets that imposes low costs on the agency while meeting societal requirements and environmental integrity. The model explicitly accounts for materials, skill and O&M availability in the community, prevalent hydrogeological and climatic conditions in the region, and people's preferences and willingness-to-pay for sanitation services.; The environmental performance indicator, effective number of polluting households, formulated in this thesis adequately mimics the true environmental impact of sanitation projects. When past project policies are imposed through constraints, the model illustrates high agency costs and high environmental impacts. Agency costs and environmental impact are greatly reduced when different income groups are allowed to install different types of toilets, community expectations and preferences are included through their willingness-to-pay cash and contribute labor and materials, and the sanitation project is preceded by an education outreach program. Costs and environmental impacts presented here are for a small pilot community of 80 households; still savings to agency and beneficial impact on community are significant. If this approach were used in a real and full-scale sanitation project, savings to project implementing agency would be very large. Investigations made using the model allows the agency to determine where it could potentially be on the cost-pollution space when different amounts of money are available, and how best it should allocate funds for the primary spending areas.; These approaches conform to the framework conceived in the VISION 21 by the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC, 2000). The thesis and model formulation show means of implementing the recommendations, and methods for investigating the relative merits of different project-related policies.
机译：发展中国家仍有超过20亿人无法获得卫生设施。缺乏卫生的卫生设施使发展中国家的经济发展和人民健康状况不佳，给个人的福祉造成了巨大损失。在1980年代和1990年代，许多政府和发展机构试图在贫困社区安装厕所。大多数项目失败了。浪费了数十亿美元；社区没有使用已安装的厕所；且疾病患病率并未降低。沮丧的机构很快削减了项目资金。本文分析了过去项目失败的原因，并在决策支持模型中包括了发现，该模型确定了一套厕所，这些厕所在满足社会要求和环境完整性的同时，给机构带来了低成本。该模型明确说明了社区的材料，技能和运维情况，该地区普遍的水文地质和气候条件，以及人们对卫生服务的偏好和支付意愿。本文制定的环境绩效指标有效污染家庭数充分模拟了卫生项目对环境的真实影响。当过去的项目政策是通过约束施加的时，该模型说明了较高的代理成本和较高的环境影响。当允许不同的收入群体安装不同类型的厕所时，代理成本和环境影响将大大降低，社区的期望和偏好通过其支付现金的意愿以及劳动和材料的贡献得到了体现，而卫生项目之前还接受了教育外展计划。这里介绍的成本和环境影响是针对一个由80户家庭组成的小型试点社区的；仍然可以节省代理费用，并对社区产生有益的影响。如果将这种方法用于实际的大规模卫生项目，则对项目执行机构的节省将非常可观。使用该模型进行的调查使该机构可以确定在有不同金额的资金可用时，它可能在成本污染空间中的哪个位置，以及如何最好地为主要支出领域分配资金。这些方法符合供水与卫生合作理事会（WSSCC，2000）在VISION 21中构想的框架。论文和模型的制定显示了实施建议的方法，以及调查不同项目相关政策的相对优点的方法。

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