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Advances in vehicle emissions modeling: Development of a methodology for the kinematic acquisition of roadway grade data.

机译：车辆排放建模的进展：运动学采集道路坡度数据的方法的开发。

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Two vehicle emission models, MOBILE and EMFAC, are currently mandated for air quality analysis by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB), respectively. A major shortcoming with the models is the non-inclusion of roadway geometric characteristics, particularly the road grade, in the model algorithms. Road grade is important for two main reasons: its effect on vehicle activity, and its impact on vehicle emission rates. In the continuing revisions of the models both the EPA and CARB have not yet included a road grade correction factor. One reason for this is the current lack of a cost-effective method to map the grade on millions of miles of roads in the country.; This research addressed this problem by developing a cost-effective methodology to measure roadway grade in kinematic mode. Specifically, a hardware system comprising a fiber-optic gyroscope, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, and a data-logging computer was designed. The components were integrated with appropriate software programs such that when mounted in a moving vehicle the gyroscope output measures the roadway grade and the GPS receiver output gives the spatial (latitude, longitude) location associated with each grade value. The spatial resolution of the grade data is sufficiently small for the data to be employed in the emerging GIS-based vehicle emission models for project-level air quality analysis.
机译：美国环境保护署（EPA）和加利福尼亚州空气资源委员会（CARB）目前分别要求两种汽车排放模型MOBILE和EMFAC进行空气质量分析。该模型的主要缺点是在模型算法中没有包括道路几何特征，特别是道路坡度。道路坡度之所以重要，主要有两个原因：它对车辆活动的影响以及对车辆排放率的影响。在对模型的不断修订中，EPA和CARB都未包含道路坡度校正因子。原因之一是目前缺乏在该国数百万英里的道路上绘制坡度图的经济有效的方法。这项研究通过开发一种经济有效的方法以运动学方式测量巷道坡度来解决此问题。具体地，设计了包括光纤陀螺仪，全球定位系统（GPS）接收器和数据记录计算机的硬件系统。这些组件与适当的软件程序集成在一起，这样，当安装在行驶中的车辆上时，陀螺仪输出可测量道路坡度，而GPS接收器输出可提供与每个坡度值关联的空间（纬度，经度）位置。坡度数据的空间分辨率对于要在基于GIS的新兴车辆排放模型中进行项目级空气质量分析的数据足够小。

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