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Seismicity, subsidence and strain at The Geysers geothermal field.

机译：间歇泉地热场的地震，沉降和应变。

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The Geysers is the site of a large geothermal energy project (>1 GW) and also one of the most seismically active regions in northern California. In addition there has been substantial surface deformation in the region. Significant correlations (>99.9th %ile) are found between industrial operations and seismicity, i.e. between steam production and shallow seismicity (z ≤ 1 km), as well as between both water injection and deep seismicity (z ≥ 1 km), and steam production and deep seismicity. The distribution of shallow earthquakes closely matches mapped low pressures in the reservoir and the areas of maximum volume strain inferred from surface deformation data, suggesting that these events are caused by poroelastic stressing. The deep injection correlated seismicity appears inconsistent with simple models based on changes in fracture fluid pressure. Localised thermoelastic stress perturbations due to liquid injection predicts results that are more consistent with the observations. Deep production induced seismicity is consistent with highly localised thermoelastic stressing caused by evaporative cooling. The inverted volume strain closely matches the mapped pressure drops within the reservoir; the reservoir scale strain magnitudes are inconsistent with a dominant thermal contraction mechanism, but are consistent with a poroelastic contraction mechanism and elastic models of fractured rock. At the scale of single conductive fractures though, simple models of the injection process show that local to a typical injection well, thermal stresses are often the dominant process. Injection induced seismicity is therefore likely to be thermoelastically controlled in many geothermal fields.
机译：间歇泉是一个大型地热能项目（> 1 GW）的所在地，也是加利福尼亚北部地震活动最活跃的地区之一。另外，在该区域中存在很大的表面变形。在工业运营和地震活动性之间发现显着相关性（> 99.9％ile），在蒸汽产量与浅层地震活动性（ z ≤1 km）之间以及两者之间发现显着相关性（ ie 注水和深地震活动（ z ≥1 km），以及蒸汽产生和深地震活动。浅层地震的分布与储层中测绘的低压和根据地表变形数据推断出的最大体积应变的区域非常吻合，表明这些事件是由孔隙弹性应力引起的。与深部注入相关的地震活动性似乎与基于裂缝流体压力变化的简单模型不一致。由液体注入引起的局部热弹性应力扰动预测的结果与观测结果更为一致。深部生产引起的地震活动与蒸发冷却引起的高度局部的热弹性应力是一致的。反向体积应变与储层内映射的压降紧密匹配。储层尺度应变幅度与主要的热收缩机制不一致，但与孔隙弹性收缩机制和裂隙岩石的弹性模型一致。但是，在单个导电裂缝的规模上，注入过程的简单模型表明，对于典型的注入井而言，热应力通常是主要过程。因此，在许多地热领域中，注入诱发的地震活动很可能被热弹性控制。

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