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Rock quality index for Niobrara horizontal well drilling and completion optimization, Wattenberg Field, Colorado.

机译：Niobrara水平井钻井和完井优化的岩石质量指数，科罗拉多州Wattenberg油田。

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摘要

The Niobrara Formation in Wattenberg Field has been successfully drilled over the last several decades, but largely from vertical wells. Successful horizontal well drilling in Wattenberg began in 2009, where operators quickly discovered lateral wells yielded drastically greater returns on hydrocarbon production. This discovery in the field set off a new round of drilling. Subsequently, major lateral advancements have occurred within the field over the last decade, including increasing lateral lengths, stage densities, and perforation clusters for hydraulic stimulation. While fracturing the reservoir is costly, the benefits include a substantial increase in initial production within tight shale reservoirs, such as the Niobrara Formation at Wattenberg Field.;By stimulating as much of the reservoir as possible along the lateral wells, operators are neglecting the conditions that exist at the wellbore, in terms of rock quality and stresses. Modern analogs in major unconventional reservoirs, including the Eagleford and Montney Shale, have discovered that initial production increases as wells are designed based on the in-situ conditions present at the wellbore. By accounting for rock quality and stresses, communication between near and far fracture networks is improved as the reservoir heterogeneity is recognized and better understood.;Chalk and marl benches within the Smoky Hill Member of the Niobrara are extremely variable. I combined various parameters that define each of the Niobrara chalk and marl benches in a Rock Quality Index (RQI). This methodology was developed in order to incorporate the depositional, petrographic, and hydraulic state of the reservoir rock. The RQI is a measurement of what rock is worth targeting and where the rock is most likely to fail when hydraulically stimulated. As the RQI was developed in vertical wells with core data, lateral targets were discovered not only in the chalk benches, but also in the marl benches of the Niobrara Formation. In order to successfully apply the RQI to lateral wells where available well logs were limited, cluster analysis and neural networks were designed in order to incorporate synthetic logs within this methodology.;Geometrically spaced stages and perforation clusters along lateral wells are shown to affect the completion workflow. Areas of high heterogeneity within a single stage combine differentiating rock quality and stresses. Selectively spacing the stages and perforation clusters aids in targeting zones of homogenous rock types that will exhibit similar completion parameters throughout the stage. Additionally, as the RQI was validated with the available completion and seismic data, driving mechanisms for production within the study area were explored. Lateral wells that are further spaced apart, exhibit clustered microseismic trends along the wellbore that correlate directly with increasing RQI per stage (in the absence of intersecting faults). For the case where lateral wells are tightly spaced and faults are critically stressed (as they are aligned with maximum horizontal stress), factors greater than the rock quality are controlling production. These factors consist of critically stressed faults, fractures, and pressure compartmentalization.
机译：Wattenberg油田的Niobrara地层在过去的几十年中已经成功地进行了钻探，但大部分是在垂直井中进行的。瓦滕贝格（Wattenberg）的成功水平钻井始于2009年，操作人员迅速发现侧井在油气生产方面获得了更大的回报。这一发现在现场掀起了新一轮的钻探。随后，在过去的十年中，该油田发生了重大的横向进展，包括增加了横向长度，井段密度和用于水力增产的射孔簇。压裂油藏虽然成本高昂，但好处包括在致密页岩油藏中大幅增加了初始产量，例如Wattenberg油田的Niobrara地层;通过沿侧井尽可能多地增产，操作人员忽略了条件就岩石质量和应力而言，存在于井眼中。包括Eagleford和Montney Shale在内的主要非常规油藏的现代类似物已经发现，根据井眼中的现场条件设计井的初始产量也会增加。通过考虑岩石质量和应力，随着认识和更好地理解储层非均质性，改善了近裂缝网络和远裂缝网络之间的连通性。Niobrara烟山丘段内的粉笔和泥灰阶变化很大。我结合了各种参数，这些参数在岩石质量指数（RQI）中定义了Niobrara粉笔和泥灰阶中的每一个。开发这种方法是为了结合储层岩石的沉积，岩石学和水力状态。 RQI衡量的是什么岩石值得定位，以及在水力刺激下岩石最有可能破裂的地方。由于RQI是在具有核心数据的垂直井中开发的，因此不仅在白垩阶中而且在Niobrara组的泥灰阶中都发现了侧向目标。为了将RQI成功地应用到可用测井有限的侧井中，设计了聚类分析和神经网络，以便将合成测井纳入该方法中;沿侧井的几何间距阶段和射孔聚类被显示会影响完井工作流程。单一阶段内高度非均质性的区域结合了不同的岩石质量和应力。选择性地隔开阶段和射孔团簇有助于对准均质岩石类型的区域，这些区域将在整个阶段表现出相似的完井参数。此外，由于已通过可用的完井和地震数据对RQI进行了验证，因此探索了研究区域内生产的驱动机制。沿井眼进一步隔开的侧井沿井眼显示出聚集的微地震趋势，这与每级RQI的增加直接相关（在没有相交断层的情况下）。对于侧向井间距很小且断层受到严重应力作用的情况（因为它们与最大水平应力对齐），大于岩石质量的因素正在控制产量。这些因素包括临界应力断层，裂缝和压力分隔。

著录项

  • 作者

    Mabrey, Alexandria N.;

  • 作者单位

    Colorado School of Mines.;

  • 授予单位 Colorado School of Mines.;
  • 学科 Geophysics.;Geology.
  • 学位 M.S.
  • 年度 2016
  • 页码 127 p.
  • 总页数 127
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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