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Water Metering in Rural, Piped, Community-Managed Water Systems in the Developing World.

机译：发展中国家农村，管道，社区管理的供水系统中的水计量。

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摘要

In the early 1990s, the United Nations (UN) recognized water as a finite resource to the entire ecosystem with an economic value that should be developed and managed based on the participatory approach using the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) strategy. Many studies on water management practices have thus emerged in the developing world. Of particular interest to this work is the management of water through metering, price-setting, and rule enforcement in the rural setting in piped, community-owned water systems. There is very little published information regarding metering, enforcement experiments, and experiences in these systems. This is because metering and enforcement mechanisms are not typically included in rural piped community-managed water supply system design and water committee training schemes. Along with an increase in population growth and changing climate patterns, there is a burgeoning interest to manage demand and reduce non-revenue water (NRW) in urban utilities in developing countries. Metering is often the demand management tool considered because it has been reported to increase customer payment rates as well as social equity. Rural, communitymanaged systems often suffer high failure rates due to the lack of preventative maintenance, which maybe closely linked to customer dissatisfaction and non-payment of tariffs. The inclusion of a metering and enforcement program to such systems may help to address the problem of high rates of premature failure.;An inclusion of a metering program for rural community-managed water supply systems is a non-trivial task in terms of cost as well as the system designer's time, thus there is significant interest in ensuring such a program's success. Many field workers may have familiarity with water system design but not specifically in the area of water flow metering and currently no beginner-level resources are publicly available. This work is ultimately intended to facilitate the inclusion of metering into rural, piped, community-managed water supply systems through: 1) compilation of technical information regarding metering which would be accessible to field practitioners and relevant to the rural community-managed setting, 2) a proposed decisionmaking tool to facilitate the selection of the most appropriate meter for the community, 3) proposed installation tips, and 4) suggested strategies for including metering into the communitymanagement model. Objectives 1, 3, and 4 were pursued via review of industry, peer-reviewed, and field literature along with the author's personal experience. Multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was the method proposed for aiding in the selection of the most appropriate meter type. It was determined that four types of meters are used for residential metering in developed and developing urban utility-managed systems: the nutating disc, oscillating piston, multi-jet, and single-jet. The nutating disc and oscillating piston meters operate through a volumetric or displacement mechanism, while the single- and multi-jet meters function through a velocity or non-displacement mechanism. While a lot of variation between models of meters exists, there are fewer characteristics that can be used to differentiate between mechanisms. After applying the multiple-criteria decision analysis to aid in the selection of the most appropriate meter for a rural, community-managed systems, the nutating disc and oscillating piston types of meters were most preferred under the set of criteria chosen by the author for the purpose of example in this analysis. It is recommended that meter selection be performed on a site-specific basis with local stakeholder involvement for criteria determination. Meter installation is similar for all four types of meters and whichever type of meter is chosen, it should be protected from tampering. Increasing-block pricing is recommended to accompany metering in order to motivate water conservation. The size and price of the initial block of water should be determined according to the system's operation and maintenance costs as well as users' willingness to pay information. Field practitioners should prepare the community to take over the metering program by providing basic training to the users and selected meter readers/technicians.
机译：在1990年代初，联合国（UN）认识到水是整个生态系统的一种有限资源，具有经济价值，应根据参与方法采用综合水资源管理（IWRM）战略进行开发和管理。因此，在发展中国家出现了许多有关水管理实践的研究。这项工作特别有趣的是通过管道，社区拥有的供水系统在农村地区通过计量，定价和法规执行来管理水。关于这些系统中的计量，执行实验和经验的公开信息很少。这是因为计量和执行机制通常不包括在农村管道社区管理的供水系统设计和水委员会培训计划中。随着人口增长的增加和气候模式的变化，发展中国家对管理需求和减少非公用事业用水（NRW）的兴趣日益浓厚。计量经常被认为是需求管理工具，因为据报道计量已提高了客户支付率和社会公平性。农村，社区管理的系统经常由于缺乏预防性维护而遭受很高的故障率，这可能与客户的不满意和未支付关税密切相关。在此类系统中加入计量和执行计划可能有助于解决过早故障率高的问题。在农村社区管理的供水系统中，纳入计量计划在成本方面并非易事以及系统设计者的时间，因此对于确保此类程序的成功引起了极大的兴趣。许多现场工作人员可能熟悉水系统的设计，但并不特别擅长水流量计量领域，并且目前没有公开可用的初学者级资源。这项工作的最终目的是通过以下方式促进将计量纳入农村，自来水，社区管理的供水系统：1）汇编有关计量的技术信息，使现场工作人员可以获取并与农村社区管理的环境有关，2 ）为方便社区选择最合适的电表的建议决策工具； 3）建议的安装技巧； 4）建议将电表纳入社区管理模型的策略。通过回顾行业，同行评议和田野文献以及作者的个人经历来追求目标1、3和4。提出了多标准决策分析（MCDA）来帮助选择最合适的仪表类型的方法。已确定在已开发和正在开发的城市公用事业管理系统中，住宅计量使用了四种类型的计量表：章动盘，摆动活塞，多喷嘴和单喷嘴。章动盘和摆动活塞式流量计通过容积或排量机构工作，而单喷嘴和多喷嘴流量计通过速度或无排量机构工作。尽管电表模型之间存在许多差异，但可用于区分机制的特征却较少。在应用多标准决策分析以帮助为农村社区管理系统选择最合适的仪表后，根据作者为仪表选择的一组标准，螺母盘和摆动活塞式仪表是最优选的本分析示例的目的。建议在特定地点进行仪表选择，并由当地利益相关者参与，以确定标准。所有四种仪表的仪表安装都相似，无论选择哪种仪表，都应防止篡改。建议采用逐块定价以配合计量，以促进节水。初始水块的大小和价格应根据系统的运营和维护成本以及用户支付信息的意愿来确定。现场从业人员应通过向用户和选定的抄表员/技术人员提供基础培训，使社区为接管仪表计划做好准备。

著录项

  • 作者

    Platukyte, Simona.;

  • 作者单位

    University of South Florida.;

  • 授予单位 University of South Florida.;
  • 学科 Water resources management.;Sustainability.;Environmental engineering.
  • 学位 M.S.E.V.
  • 年度 2016
  • 页码 125 p.
  • 总页数 125
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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