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GIS adjustment of measured streamflow data from urbanized watersheds.

机译：GIS对城市化流域测得的流量数据的调整。

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Depending on the amount, spatial and temporal distribution, type, and land use prior to development, urbanization can alter the hydrologic response of a watershed to precipitation captured by U.S. Geological Survey stream gauges. Typically, urbanization increases peak discharge and can result in a significant non-stationary discharge signal depending on the urbanization characteristics. Also, if the urbanization occurs after the gauging period, the measured discharge data may no longer be representative of the urban watershed.; To investigate the hydrologic effects of this urbanization process high spatial and temporal resolution GIS based land use data are developed from three land use sources. Historical aerial photographs provide land use prior to development. GIS linked tax-map data provide the year of development for each parcel within the watershed, and generalized land use/land cover data provide current land use conditions. The combination of these three data sources provides parcel level land use data on an annual temporal resolution. Using these data, relationships between quantitative measures of urbanization and the presence or absence of statistically significant trends in the discharge series are developed, where the ratio of discharge to precipitation is used to reduce climate variability in the discharge data.; For discharge series that are non-stationary or no longer representative of the current watershed, a GIS adjustment procedure based on hydrologic modeling is developed to adjust the measured discharge data to represent specified fixed land use conditions and ensure their applicability for continued use in flood frequency applications. The specified fixed land use conditions can reflect current or future development conditions, and the gauged data can be from a watershed urbanized during and/or after the gauging period. The use of high spatial and temporal resolution GIS based land use data and hydrologic modeling enables the GIS adjustment methods to explicitly incorporate the spatial and temporal variability of urbanization at a level only approximated by existing adjustment methods. For applications where the GIS data are limited, an existing index flood adjustment method is modified such that the essence of spatial development can be incorporated. Several example applications of the GIS adjustment methods are provided to show the functionality of this approach.
机译：根据开发之前的数量，时空分布，类型和土地用途，城市化可以改变流域对美国地质调查局流量表捕获的降水的水文响应。通常，根据城市化特征，城市化会增加峰值流量，并可能导致明显的非平稳排放信号。同样，如果在计量期之后发生城市化，则测得的流量数据可能不再代表城市流域。为了研究这种城市化过程的水文影响，从三个土地利用来源开发了基于高时空分辨率GIS的土地利用数据。历史航空照片提供了开发之前的土地用途。 GIS链接的税收地图数据为流域内的每个地块提供了开发年份，而广义的土地使用/土地覆盖数据则提供了当前的土地使用条件。这三个数据源的组合以年度时间分辨率提供了地块级土地使用数据。利用这些数据，开发出城市化的定量测度与排放量序列中是否存在统计上显着趋势之间的关系，其中排放量与降水的比率被用来减少排放量数据中的气候变化。对于非平稳流或不再代表当前流域的排放序列，开发了基于水文模型的GIS调整程序，以调整测得的排放数据以表示特定的固定土地使用条件，并确保其在洪水频率下继续使用的适用性应用程序。指定的固定土地使用条件可以反映当前或将来的开发条件，并且测量的数据可以来自在测量期间和/或之后的城市化分水岭。使用基于地理信息系统的高时空分辨率土地利用数据和水文模型，可以使GIS调整方法明确地将城市化的时空变化纳入现有调整方法所近似的水平。对于GIS数据有限的应用程序，可以修改现有的索引洪水调整方法，以便可以纳入空间开发的本质。提供了GIS调整方法的几个示例应用程序，以显示此方法的功能。

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