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首页> 外文学位 >Health and economic impacts of coastal water pollution in North Orange County, California: A multi-disciplinary analysis.
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Health and economic impacts of coastal water pollution in North Orange County, California: A multi-disciplinary analysis.

机译：加利福尼亚北奥兰治县沿海水污染对健康和经济的影响：多学科分析。

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California's North Orange County (NOC) has an increasing problem with urban runoff polluting the coastal waters. This multi-disciplinary analysis was designed to investigate to what extent, if any, the urban runoff and polluted coastal waters affect public health and economics.; The first research project was a temporal and spatial analysis of precipitation levels, river discharge volumes and levels of bacterial indicators found at beaches along the coast. Results show rivers are the main source of coastal pollution causing bacterial levels to elevate far above accepted water quality standards at popular beaches located near the rivers. Results also show that winter rain events are the primary source of runoff waters resulting in the worst water quality during the year.; The second project was an epidemiology investigation comparing symptoms and illness rates between surfers from urban NOC and surfers from rural Santa Cruz County over two winters with extreme weather events, the 1998 El Niño and 1999 La Niña. Results show that in the rainy El Niño winter, urban NOC subjects were more likely to report symptoms and illnesses than their rural counterparts. An exposure-response relationship between time spent in coastal water and symptom reports was observed. The increased odds ratios for reporting illnesses in the urban site during the El Niño winter supports the hypothesis that increased rainfall associated with climate change may result in greater public health risk from waterborne pathogens.; The third research project was an economic analysis calculating health related costs of illnesses associated with exposure to polluted recreational waters. Applying the cost of illness framework to epidemiological data shows the monetary health related costs to the individual are consequential. Survey variables were used to generate a scale of health costs which estimates the economic burden that could result at different illness rates. Even at low illness rates the costs are substantial when considering millions of people are exposed to these coastal waters every year.; The primary conclusions from this research project are: (1) Urban runoff from the three rivers (Los Angeles, San Gabriel, Santa Ana) is the primary source of pollution affecting NOC's coastal waters. (2) Increased illness rates in NOC surfers during the El Niño winter-indicates there is a public health risk from recreational exposure to coastal waters in this area. (3) The economic burden of illnesses associated with polluted recreational waters is significant and should be considered in economic analysis of pollution abatement options.
机译：加利福尼亚州的北奥兰治县（NOC）面临着越来越大的城市径流污染沿海水域的问题。这项多学科分析旨在调查城市径流和污染的沿海水域（如果有）在多大程度上影响公共卫生和经济。第一个研究项目是对沿海岸的海滩上的降水水平，河流流量和细菌指标水平进行时空分析。结果表明，河流是沿海污染的主要来源，在靠近河流的流行海滩上，细菌含量升高到远远超过公认的水质标准。结果还表明，冬季降雨是径流水的主要来源，导致一年中水质最差。第二个项目是一项流行病学调查，比较了1998年厄尔尼诺和1999年拉尼娜两个极端天气事件造成的城市NOC冲浪者和圣克鲁斯县农村冲浪者的症状和患病率。结果表明，在多雨的厄尔尼诺冬天，城市NOC受试者比农村受试者更容易报告症状和疾病。观察到在沿海水域停留的时间与症状报告之间的暴露-反应关系。在厄尔尼诺冬季期间报告城市地区疾病的几率增加，支持了以下假设：与气候变化有关的降雨增加可能导致水生病原体增加公共卫生风险。第三个研究项目是一项经济分析，计算与暴露于污染的娱乐水域相关的疾病的健康相关成本。将疾病成本框架应用于流行病学数据表明，与金钱健康相关的个人成本是必然的。调查变量用于生成卫生费用量表，该量表估计在不同疾病发生率下可能导致的经济负担。考虑到每年有数百万人暴露在这些沿海水域中，即使疾病率很低，代价也很大。该研究项目的主要结论是：（1）来自三河（洛杉矶，圣盖博和圣安娜）的城市径流是影响NOC沿海水域的主要污染源。 （2）在厄尔尼诺冬季期间，NOC冲浪者患病率上升，表明该地区沿海水域休闲接触会带来公共健康风险。 （3）与娱乐水污染相关的疾病的经济负担是巨大的，应在对减少污染的选择方案的经济分析中予以考虑。

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