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Development of environmental indices for pollution prevention and green design.

机译：制定防止污染和绿色设计的环境指标。

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摘要

Recent research efforts have developed several easy-to-use methods to estimate the risk potential of emitted chemicals using simplified transport and exposure assessment scenarios. However, a question remains: “which level of complexity is required for reliable risk assessment?” To answer this question, a thorough comparative study was conducted and several existing methods were critically evaluated for situations in which individuals make environmentally conscious manufacturing decisions, interpret toxic release inventory (TRI) and rank chemicals. It was concluded that ignoring or simplifying exposure calculations is not appropriate, except in cases where the toxicity differences were very great or when comparing chemicals with similar fate. It was found from a sensitivity study that assigning the appropriate adjustment factor for chemical properties involved in the simplified methods would greatly improve the reliability of the methods. However, a detailed chemical fate and toxicity method is required for chemicals with quite different properties because the fate of chemicals in the environment is assessed with consideration of more realistic attenuation mechanisms than the other methods.; To implement the detailed chemical fate and toxicity method, a multimedia compartmental model CHEMGL was developed for predicting the fate and transport of chemicals in the Great Lakes region. CHEMGL includes more compartments and considers the all important attenuation mechanisms compared with other existing environmental multimedia fate models. It was concluded that CHEMGL is appropriate for the screening level of the fate and exposure estimation to provide environmental indices in the initial and detailed design phase.; Finally, CHEMGL was applied with the Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA) model to conduct a risk-based life cycle assessment case study for the industrial sector for production of motor vehicles and passenger car bodies. The results show that the contribution to global scale impact (global warming and ozone depletion), human health impact, and aquatic organisms impact are much higher for sectors associated with car manufacturing than “the Motor Vehicles and Passenger Car Bodies” sector itself. The study also demonstrates the importance of chemical fate and transport analysis because the impact assessment changes with the incorporation of the toxicity and chemical fate and exposure.
机译：最近的研究工作已经开发出几种易于使用的方法，以简化运输和暴露评估方案来估算排放化学物质的潜在风险。但是，仍然存在一个问题：“可靠的风险评估需要哪种复杂程度？”为了回答这个问题，进行了全面的比较研究，并对几种现有方法进行了严格的评估，以评估个人做出具有环境意识的制造决策，解释有毒物质排放清单（TRI）并对化学品进行排名的情况。结论是，忽略或简化暴露计算是不合适的，除非在毒性差异很大的情况下或在比较具有相似命运的化学品时。从敏感性研究中发现，为简化方法涉及的化学性质分配适当的调整因子将大大提高方法的可靠性。但是，对于性质完全不同的化学品，需要采用详细的化学定性和毒性方法，因为与其他方法相比，在评估环境中化学物的命运时要考虑更现实的衰减机理。为了实施详细的化学命运和毒性方法，开发了多媒体隔室模型CHEMGL，用于预测大湖地区的化学命运和运输。与其他现有的环境多媒体命运模型相比，CHEMGL包含更多的隔室，并考虑了所有重要的衰减机制。结论是，CHEMGL适合于命运和暴露估计的筛选水平，以在初始和详细设计阶段提供环境指标。最后，将CHEMGL与经济投入产出生命周期评估（EIO-LCA）模型一起应用，以进行基于风险的生命周期评估案例研究，以研究汽车和乘用车车身生产的工业部门。结果表明，与“汽车和乘用车体”部门本身相比，与汽车制造相关的部门对全球规模影响（全球变暖和臭氧消耗），人类健康影响和水生生物影响的贡献要高得多。该研究还证明了化学命运和运输分析的重要性，因为影响评估随毒性，化学命运和暴露的纳入而变化。

著录项

  • 作者

    Zhang, Qiong.;

  • 作者单位

    Michigan Technological University.;

  • 授予单位 Michigan Technological University.;
  • 学科 Engineering Environmental.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2001
  • 页码 395 p.
  • 总页数 395
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 环境污染及其防治;
  • 关键词

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