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Spillovers from industrial R&D activity: On the importance of geographic and technological proximity.

机译：工业研发活动产生的溢出效应：论地理和技术邻近性的重要性。

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Public returns to private research and development (R&D) expenditures are a consequence of the imperfect appropriability condition that typifies knowledge generating activity. This feature recommends a prominent role for R&D and spillovers in theories of industry structure, city formation, and endogenous economic growth. Moreover, R&D spillovers may provide justification for policy intervention if a decentralized system of decision making underprovides R&D services. Industrial agglomeration implies a correlation between inter-firm measures of geographic and technological proximity that complicates identification of R&D spillovers. Parameter estimates obtained by methods that do not account for this colinearity may overstate the importance of one of these factors for spillover transmission. This study presents empirical evidence of inter-firm spillovers from R&D activity using a firm-level production function framework. The spillover-enhancing effects of geographic and technological proximity are quantified for a panel of machinery and computer equipment manufacturing firms. Results from a preliminary analysis are consistent with the stylized fact that geographically and technologically proximate stocks are the most important source of R&D spillovers. The final analysis controls for the degree of industrial agglomeration in these data. These parameter estimates indicate that technologically proximate stocks are the most important source of R&D spillovers. However, the magnitude of such spillovers is insensitive to distance between spillover sending and receiving firms. In contrast, R&D spillovers between technologically dissimilar (but not too dissimilar) firms are attenuated by distance. The results presented here indicate that while R&D spillovers are greatest among firms in the same industry these spillovers do not appear to serve a localization function. The propensity for similar industrial activity to form into geographic clusters may instead reflect the importance of agglomerating forces exclusive of the geographic dependence of knowledge spillovers. While economically less important, spillovers across narrowly defined industry boundaries do appear to be sensitive to inter-firm distance and may therefore play a direct role in the process of urbanization.
机译：私人研究与开发（R＆D）支出的公共回报是不适当的专有性条件的结果，该条件是知识生成活动的典型代表。此功能推荐了R＆D和溢出效应在产业结构，城市形成和内生经济增长理论中的突出作用。此外，如果分散的决策系统不足以提供研发服务，则研发溢出可能为政策干预提供依据。产业集聚意味着企业间地理上和技术上的接近程度之间的相关性，这使R＆D外溢的识别变得复杂。通过不考虑这种共线性的方法获得的参数估计值可能夸大了这些因素之一对溢出传输的重要性。这项研究提供了使用公司级生产函数框架进行的研发活动产生的公司间溢出效应的经验证据。对于一组机械和计算机设备制造公司，对地理和技术邻近性的溢出效应进行了量化。初步分析的结果与以下事实相吻合：地理上和技术上接近的库存是研发溢出的最重要来源。最终分析控制着这些数据中的工业集聚程度。这些参数估计值表明，技术上接近的存货是研发溢出的最重要来源。但是，这种溢出的程度对溢出发送方和接收方之间的距离不敏感。相反，技术相异（但不太相异）的公司之间的R＆D溢出因距离而减弱。此处给出的结果表明，尽管研发溢出在同一行业的公司中最大，但这些溢出似乎并没有起到本地化的作用。相反，类似的工业活动倾向于形成地理集群的趋势可能反映了集结力量的重要性，而知识外溢的地理依赖性除外。尽管在经济上不太重要，但跨狭窄行业边界的溢出似乎确实对企业之间的距离敏感，因此可能在城市化过程中发挥直接作用。

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