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首页> 外文学位 >Tillage, insecticide inputs, crop rotation and intercropping: Factors that affect insect pests and natural enemies in vegetable systems in western North Carolina.
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Tillage, insecticide inputs, crop rotation and intercropping: Factors that affect insect pests and natural enemies in vegetable systems in western North Carolina.

机译：耕作，杀虫剂输入，作物轮作和间作：影响北卡罗莱纳州西部蔬菜系统中的害虫和天敌的因素。

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摘要

Populations of foliar insect pests and natural enemies were monitored in vegetable production systems incorporating varying degrees of sustainable practices in Fletcher, NC. Two types of tillage (conventional plow and disk, strip-tillage), two input approaches (chemically based, biologically based) and two cropping schedules (continuous tomato, 3-year rotation of corn, cucumber and tomato) were employed in large plots 1995–1998. Tomato pest pressure was relatively low in all years, resulting in a limited evaluation of the impact of production systems on potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), and its associated parasitoids and predators. Thrips ( Frankliniella spp.) populations were significantly higher in the biological input treatments in three of four years. Lepidopterous (primarily Helicoverpa zea Boddie) tomato damage was significantly higher in biological treatments in all years, and damage by thrips and pentatomids increased each year in the continuous tomato crop schedule. The majority of insect population measurements were significantly influenced by type of insecticide input or type of ground cover. Few population measurements were affected by tillage type. In the short term, foliar insect problems in commercial vegetable production may be associated predominantly with insecticide input (i.e. more damage with use of biologically based insecticides) and use of intercropping (i.e. more damage in systems with living mulch); however, the long term effects of tillage and crop rotation remain to be seen. In addition to the study described previously, a small-plot study was established in 1997–1998 to separate effects of pesticide use, intercropping and herbicide application on selected epigeal arthropods. Adult carabid beetles and lycosid spiders appeared to be more active in systems with ground cover. Trap catches of carabid species were not significantly affected by insecticide input, but trap catches of lycosids were lower in plots with conventional insecticide use. No consistent effect of tillage was found over time, although Scarites spp. were more active in minimally disturbed habitats in 1998. Two distinct patterns of seasonal activity were observed for carabid beetles and lycosid spiders. Ground cover, via intercropping, generally enhanced abundance of carabids and lycosids, while tillage type, pesticide use and crop rotation had different effects on different species. A Galleria mellonella (L.) trap bioassay was used to detect the presence of Steinernema carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae populations during the vegetable growing season (April–September). Seasonal entomopathogen activity was significantly higher in strip-tilled compared to conventional-tilled plots. The strip-till operation did not appear to affect detection of S. carpocapsae. Pesticide use significantly reduced detection of entomopathogenic fungi. Type of ground cover significantly affected temperature in the upper 12 cm of soil; highest soil temperatures were observed under black plastic mulch and bare ground, lowest temperatures were observed under rye mulch and clover intercrop. The high soil temperatures associated with certain ground covers may have reduced entomopathogen activity or survival. Although type of tillage appears to be the primary factor affecting survival and activity of endemic soil entomopathogens in our system, other factors, such as pesticide use and type of ground cover, may negate the positive effects of strip-tillage.
机译：在北卡罗来纳州弗莱彻的蔬菜生产系统中，对叶面害虫和天敌的种群进行了监测，并纳入了不同程度的可持续实践。在大块土地上采用了两种耕作方式（常规耕作和盘式耕作，条带耕作），两种投入方式（基于化学方法，基于生物方法）和两种作物种植计划（连续番茄，三年玉米，黄瓜和番茄轮作）。 –1998年。多年以来，番茄害虫的压力相对较低，因此对生产系统对马铃薯蚜虫， Macrosiphum euphorbiae （Thomas）及其相关的寄生物和捕食者的影响的评估有限。在四年的三年中，生物输入处理中的蓟马（<斜体> Frankliniella spp。）种群显着增加。鳞翅目（主要是 Helicoverpa zea Boddie）番茄损伤在所有年份的生物处理中均显着较高，并且在连续的番茄种植计划中，蓟马和五倍体类杀虫剂的损伤逐年增加。大多数昆虫种群的测量结果受到杀虫剂输入类型或地被植物类型的显着影响。很少有人测量受耕种类型的影响。短期而言，商业蔬菜生产中的叶面昆虫问题可能主要与杀虫剂输入（即使用生物基杀虫剂造成的更多损害）和间作（即在有活覆盖物的系统中造成的更多损害）有关;但是，耕作和轮作的长期影响仍有待观察。除了先前描述的研究之外，1997-1998年还进行了一项小规模研究，以区分农药的使用，间作和除草剂的施用对选定的epi节肢动物的影响。在带有地被的系统中，成年的甲壳类甲虫和类固醇蜘蛛似乎更为活跃。甲虫种类的诱捕剂不受杀虫剂输入的影响不大，但在使用常规杀虫剂的地块中，糖苷类的诱捕剂的含量较低。尽管 Scarites spp，但随时间推移没有发现一致的耕作效果。在1998年的微扰栖息地中，它们的活动更为活跃。对于甲壳虫和糖液蜘蛛，观察到两种明显的季节性活动模式。通过间作，地被植物通常会提高甲壳类和糖苷的丰度，而耕作类型，农药使用和轮作对不同物种的影响不同。使用 Galleria mellonella （L.）诱集生物测定法检测在检测过程中是否存在 Steinernema carpocapsae，细菌异形杆菌，球孢白僵菌和 Metarhizium anisopliae 种群。蔬菜生长季节（4月至9月）。与常规耕种地块相比，条状耕地的季节性昆虫病原菌活性显着更高。剥离耕作操作似乎并未影响 S的检测。腕果科。农药的使用显着减少了昆虫病原真菌的检测。地被类型会严重影响土壤上部12厘米的温度；在黑色塑料覆盖物和裸露地面下观察到最高土壤温度，在黑麦覆盖物和三叶草间作下观察到最低温度。与某些地被植物相关的高土壤温度可能降低了昆虫病原菌的活性或存活率。尽管耕作类型似乎是影响我们系统中地方性土壤昆虫病原体存活和活动的主要因素，但其他因素（例如农药的使用和地被植物的类型）可能会抵消耕作的积极影响。

著录项

  • 作者

    Hummel, Robert Louis.;

  • 作者单位

    North Carolina State University.;

  • 授予单位 North Carolina State University.;
  • 学科 Biology Entomology.; Engineering Agricultural.; Agriculture Agronomy.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2000
  • 页码 129 p.
  • 总页数 129
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 昆虫学;农业工程;农学（农艺学）;
  • 关键词

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