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首页> 外文学位 >Sex/gender-related cognitive biases as an expression of the central nervous system prefrontal lobes processing systems.
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Sex/gender-related cognitive biases as an expression of the central nervous system prefrontal lobes processing systems.

机译：与性/性别相关的认知偏差是中枢神经系统前额叶加工系统的一种表达。

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Cognitive and social psychology established an extensive record of sex/gender-based differences in cognitive behaviors. Much of this empirical research is based on the identification of a “correct” response. Inasmuch as the accuracy of these responses is intrinsic to the external situation and independent of the individual, such responses are verifiable by independent evidence and are referred to as veridical decisions. Their processing is largely dependent on the posterior cortical cortices. It has been in the last decade only that another type of cognition has been empirically studied, namely, decisions which are actor-centered, guided by an individual's preferences, and instrumental in furthering an individual's goals. These decisions are inherently adaptive, dependent on the prefrontal cortices for processing, and are the sine qua non in connecting the internal and external environments of the individual.; Adaptive decision making is ubiquitous in everyday life. Yet few empirical studies have been conducted, possibly because few assessment tools are sufficiently stringent in measuring the prefrontal processes generic to this type of cognition. An assessment prototype, the Cognitive Bias Task (CBT), has been developed that enables the empirical investigation of adaptive, actor-centered decisions. A prior study utilizing the CBT (Goldberg, Podell, Harner, Lovell, & Riggio, 1994) suggests hemispherically differentiated processing systems in the prefrontal cortices that function synergistically in a dynamic balance. The evidence from this earlier study indicates that the left hemisphere is particularly capable of processing routinized information utilizing pre-existing codes as internal cognitive contexts to guide behavior: Such behaviors are context-dependent (CD). The strength of the right hemisphere is in processing novel information for which no coding exists or is readily available. Behaviors that do not use preexisting cognitive contexts are regarded as being context independent (CI). In addition, this earlier study reported a sex/gender preferential bias: Females tended toward a CI bias in processing information in ambiguous, preferential choice situations, while males tended toward a CD bias.; In this study, 30 males and 30 females, all healthy, non-brain injured, right-handed, between 18–59 years of age, were administered the CBT. Subsequently, participants completed a narrative interview and questionnaires to assess the role of language in preferential selection. Finally, the relationship between cognitive processing biases and other prefrontal lobe functions was assessed. Results from this study support Goldberg's theory of lateralized pre-frontal processing systems and suggest a sex-gender differentiation: Males tend to use a CD bias (left hemisphere), and females tend toward a CI bias (right hemisphere) in processing information in ambiguous choice situations. Responses from the narrative interview indicate a relationship between an individual's verbal conceptualization of a task and subsequent performance. No significant relationship between processing biases and performance on measures of other prefrontal functions was found, although a trend in the predicted direction between a CI bias and the right frontal lob was found.
机译：认知和社会心理学在认知行为中建立了基于性别/性别差异的广泛记录。这些经验研究大部分是基于“正确”响应的识别。由于这些响应的准确性是外部情况所固有的，并且独立于个人，因此此类响应可以通过独立的证据进行验证，并且被称为真实决策。它们的加工在很大程度上取决于后皮质。在过去的十年中，仅凭经验研究了另一种类型的认知，即以行为者为中心，由个人的偏好引导的决策，以及有助于实现个人目标的决策。这些决定具有内在的适应性，取决于前额叶皮层进行处理，并且是连接个体内部和外部环境的必要条件。适应性决策在日常生活中无处不在。然而，几乎没有进行任何实证研究，可能是因为很少有评估工具在测量这种认知所共有的前额叶过程中足够严格。已经开发出一种评估原型，即认知偏差任务（CBT），可以对以行为者为中心的自适应决策进行实证研究。先前利用CBT进行的一项研究（Goldberg，Podell，Harner，Lovell和Riggio，1994年）提出，前额叶皮层中的半球形分化处理系统在动态平衡中具有协同作用。这项较早研究的证据表明，左半球特别有能力利用预先存在的代码作为内部认知语境来指导常规行为，从而处理常规信息：此类行为与语境有关（CD）。右半球的优势在于处理新颖的信息，这些信息不存在编码或不容易获得。不使用预先存在的认知上下文的行为被视为上下文无关（CI）。另外，这项较早的研究报告了性别/性别偏好偏向：在模棱两可的偏好选择情况下，女性在处理信息时倾向于CI偏向，而男性则倾向于CD偏向。在这项研究中，对18岁至59岁之间健康，无脑受伤，右撇子的30位男性和30位女性进行了CBT。随后，参与者完成了叙述性访谈和问卷调查，以评估语言在优先选择中的作用。最后，评估认知加工偏差与其他前额叶功能之间的关系。这项研究的结果支持了戈德堡的前额叶侧向处理系统理论，并提出了性别差异：男性倾向于使用CD偏向（左半球），女性倾向于使用CI偏向（右半球）来处理信息不明确的情况。选择情况。叙述性访谈的回答表明，个人对任务的口头概念化与随后的表现之间存在联系。尽管在CI偏倚和右额叶之间的预测方向上发现了趋势，但未发现处理偏倚与其他前额叶功能的表现之间存在显着关系。

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