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The role of local officials' social ties in balancing economic development and resource protection in Michigan's eastern Upper Peninsula.

机译：地方官员的社会纽带在平衡密歇根州东部上半岛的经济发展和资源保护中的作用。

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Many rural natural resource-dependent regions of the United States have undergone substantial economic, social, and environmental stress over the past century. The Eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan is one such region that has historically depended on resource extraction activities, such as timber, as an economic base. As these industries have declined, communities in the area are attempting to fill the economic void by turning to amenity-based opportunities such as snowmobiling, fishing, and casino gaming. Despite the promotion of new economic activities, residents are still struggling with poverty while at the same time experiencing a change in local development patterns. Increasing tourism and seasonal home development are generating concerns about recreational access, aesthetics, water quality, and biodiversity. Two seemingly divergent concepts are used to examine how local officials respond to these issues---social capital and the growth machine. Social capital is a general term that attempts to define the effectiveness of a community in reaching its economic and social development goals through its levels of intercommunication, civic involvement and trust. The growth machine concept also examines the relationships between local officials, business interests, and residents of a community. The emphasis is on local officials and business interests who focus on unlimited economic growth at the expense of residents and their surroundings, making officials unrepresentative of their constituents and their policies socially and environmentally unsustainable.;This study examines how local residents and officials prefer to balance economic development and natural resource protection for the future of the Eastern UP. It also examines the social connections and levels of personal leadership that could influence local officials' preferences for this development. Conjoint analysis, which elicits tradeoffs between preferred development and protection strategies, was used to determine these preferences among 45 residents and 38 local officials. Additionally, qualitative interviews were conducted with those 38 local officials to examine their social connections. These officials also were sent a followup mail questionnaire asking about their perceived levels of influence in their communities.;Results from the conjoint survey show that local officials are no more likely to prefer amenity-based economic growth than residents of the region. Officials are, however, less likely to prefer the status quo for the future, but neither their social connections nor their level of personal influence appear to affect their preferences. Bivariate regression models do indicate that living in the region over 20 years decreases the likelihood of preferring status quo conditions. Overall, however, the results do not find conditions that would indicate a growth machine mentality among local officials. Further examination of qualitative interviews suggest that the limited connections maintained with other officials in the region may hamper future attempts to protect the natural resource base while at the same time improving economic conditions for future generations. Opening these connections would improve local community capacities to deal with the delicate balance of resource protection and economic development.

机译：在过去的一个世纪中，美国许多依赖自然资源的农村地区遭受了巨大的经济，社会和环境压力。密歇根州东部上半岛就是这样一个地区，该地区历史上一直依赖诸如木材等资源开采活动作为经济基础。随着这些行业的衰落，该地区的社区正试图通过寻求基于便利设施的机会（如雪地摩托，钓鱼和赌场游戏）来填补经济空白。尽管促进了新的经济活动，但居民仍在贫困中挣扎，与此同时，当地的发展方式也在发生变化。日益增长的旅游业和季节性房屋开发正在引起人们对休闲娱乐，美学，水质和生物多样性的关注。两个看似不同的概念被用来检验地方官员如何应对这些问题-社会资本和增长机制。社会资本是一个通用术语，它试图通过社区的相互沟通，公民参与和信任来定义社区在实现其经济和社会发展目标方面的有效性。增长机器概念还考察了地方官员，商业利益和社区居民之间的关系。重点是地方官员和商业利益，他们关注无限的经济增长，以牺牲居民及其周围环境为代价，使官员无法代表其选民，其政策在社会和环境上不可持续。经济发展和自然资源保护，以应对东部UP的未来。它还检查了可能影响地方官员对这一发展的偏好的社会关系和个人领导水平。联合分析在优先发展和保护策略之间进行了权衡，被用来确定45位居民和38位地方官员之间的这些偏好。此外，还对这38名地方官员进行了定性访谈，以检查他们的社会关系。还向这些官员发送了一封后续邮件调查问卷，询问他们在社区中的感知影响力水平。联合调查的结果表明，与该地区居民相比，地方官员更不喜欢基于便利的经济增长。但是，官员不太可能喜欢未来的现状，但是他们的社交关系和个人影响力水平似乎都不会影响他们的偏好。双变量回归模型的确表明，在该地区生活超过20年会降低偏爱现状的可能性。但是，总的来说，结果没有找到表明地方官员中增长机器心态的条件。对定性访谈的进一步研究表明，与该地区其他官员的联系有限，这可能会阻碍未来保护自然资源基础的企图，同时会改善子孙后代的经济状况。开放这些联系将提高当地社区应对资源保护与经济发展之间微妙平衡的能力。

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作者
Peterson, Georgia Lynn.;
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作者单位

Michigan State University.;

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授予单位 Michigan State University.;
学科 Agriculture Forestry and Wildlife.;Sociology Public and Social Welfare.;Environmental Sciences.;Political Science General.
学位 Ph.D.
年度 2000
页码 162 p.
总页数 162
原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
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The role of local officials' social ties in balancing economic development and resource protection in Michigan's eastern Upper Peninsula.

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